DGI:Abdominelle Infektionen/Therapie: Difference between revisions

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==Therapie==
Die Wahl des Antibiotikums einer intraabdominellen Infektion in der kalkulierten Therapie sollte folgendes berücksichtigen:
90% aller Patienten mit einer IAI benötigen eine chirurgische Herdsanierung. Begleitend muss eine zielgerichtete adäquate antibiotische- und ggf. intensivmedizinische Therapie erfolgen, es sei denn, es handelt sich um eine unkomplizierte IAI. Bei einer erfolgreichen Herdsanierung ist dann, außer einer perioperativer Antibiotikaprophylaxe, keine weitere antiinfektive Therapie erforderlich.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>Ansonsten ist die unverzügliche Einleitung angemessener Therapiemaßnahmen (Antibiotikatherapie, Herdsanierung, Stabilisierung der Homöostase, ggf. eine intensivmedizinische Therapie), insbesondere im Rahmen einer Sepsis, ein kritischer Faktor für den Therapieerfolg. 


===Empirische Antibiotikatherapie===
*Um eine zielgerichtete, zeitlich und inhaltlich adäquate antibiotische Therapie einer IAI initiieren zu können, sollte eine '''klinische Einteilung nach Lokalisation und Ausprägung der Infektion '''(keine Perforation/lokal/diffus) in Abhängig des Infektionsbeginns (seit <7d/>7d) und der Ausprägung der Erkrankungsschwere (Sepsis/Septischer Schock) erfolgen.
Die Auswahl einer adäquaten antibiotischen Therapie orientiert sich am Fokus der IAI (z.B. Cholecystitis, Sigmadivertikulitis) sowie der individuell vorliegenden Form der Peritonitis (Tabelle 2). Diese gibt orientierend Aufschluss über das einzusetzende Spektrum (Tabelle 3). Im Anschluss muss zusätzlich evaluiert werden, ob ein Risiko für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken besteht (Tabelle 4). Darauf basierend kann schließlich ein passendes Medikament aus Tabelle 5 ausgewählt werden. Die Indikation für eine ergänzenden empirische antimykotische Therapie wird im nächsten Kapitel dezidiert aufgeführt.
*Bzgl. des '''MRE-Risikos''' sollte zusätzlich anamnestiziert werden, inwieweit die Patient:innen häufige Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz getätigt haben oder es sich um die Verlegung eines Patient:innen aus einem Land/Region mit hoher Prävalenz resistenter Erreger handelt. Antibakterielle Vorbehandlungen sind ebenfalls bedeutsam.
*Das '''besondere Erregerspektrum bei Patient:innen mit Peritonealdialyse''' (PD) ist entsprechend zu berücksichtigen.


In der Regel ist insbesondere zu Beginn der Therapie (außer im Falle der unkomplizierten IAI) eine intravenöse Antibiotikatherapie erforderlich, jedoch kann bei Patient:innen mit PD die Therapie ggf. über die Dialyseflüssigkeit erfolgen. Die Anpassung der Antibiotikadosierungen an die Nierenfunktion muss berücksichtigt werden.


{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="973"
{{Hinweis/CAVE|text=90% aller Patient:innen mit einer IAI benötigen eine chirurgische Herdsanierung. Begleitend muss eine zielgerichtete adäquate antibiotische- und ggf. intensivmedizinische Therapie erfolgen, es sei denn, es handelt sich um eine unkomplizierte IAI.}}Bei einer erfolgreichen Herdsanierung ist dann, außer einer perioperativer Antibiotikaprophylaxe, keine weitere antiinfektive Therapie erforderlich. Ansonsten ist die unverzügliche Einleitung angemessener Therapiemaßnahmen (Antibiotikatherapie, Herdsanierung, Stabilisierung der Homöostase, ggf. eine intensivmedizinische Therapie), insbesondere im Rahmen einer Sepsis, ein kritischer Faktor für den Therapieerfolg.
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 2: Klassifikation IAI nach Ausdehnung, Erwerb und Dauer</span>
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |
| colspan="6" style="width:369.2pt;" width="492" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Schwergrad  der Erkrankung</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" width="148" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Mild</span>


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
===Dauer der Therapie===
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Bei klinisch stabilen Patient:innen mit einer entsprechenden Fokuskontrolle und fehlenden Anzeichen einer Sepsis kann die Antibiotikatherapie nach drei bis fünf Tagen beendet werden<ref>Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. ''N Engl J Med''. 2015;372(21):1996-2005. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411162 10.1056/NEJMoa1411162]</ref>.
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Infektion)</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" width="146" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Moderate</span>


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
Bei schwer erkrankten Patient:innen, bei denen eine stabile Fokussanierung unmöglich ist, sollte die Antibiotikatherapie täglich kritisch reevaluiert werden. Unter Einbeziehung des Verlaufs der Entzündungsparameter sollte die Antibiotikatherapie so früh wie möglich beendet werden. Das Procalcitonin (PCT) ist hierfür ein gut geeigneter Parameter. Alternativ können CRP und auch Interleukin -6 (IL-6) zur Therapiesteuerung genutzt werden, wobei die vergleichsweise lange HWZ des CRP berücksichtigt werden muss.
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Sepsis)</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" width="198" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Schwer</span>


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
{{Hinweis/note|text=Die Gabe einer Antibiotikatherapie >7d bei Patient:innen mit einem sanierten intraabdominellen Fokus ist außer bei Erregern wie ''Staphylococcus aureus'' oder ''Pseudomonas aeroginosa'' kritisch zu hinterfragen.}}Die Gabe einer Antibiotikatherapie >7d bei Patient:innen mit einem sanierten intraabdominellen Fokus ist außer bei Erregern wie ''Staphylococcus aureus'' oder ''Pseudomonas aeroginosa'' kritisch zu hinterfragen.
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Septischer Schock)</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| colspan="7" style="width:491.1pt;" width="655" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ambulant erworben oder IAI frühe  nosokomiale IAI (<7d nach Krkhs Aufnahme)</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ohne  Perforation</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Lokale  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Diffuse  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| colspan="7" style="width:491.1pt;" width="655" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Späte nosokomiale IAI (>7d nach  Krkhs Aufnahme)</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ohne  Perforation</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Lokale  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color:#787878;width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:9;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Diffuse  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-color:#787878;border-right-color:#787878;border-top-color:#787878;border-bottom-color:#787878;width:109.4pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="973" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:730%;&quot;}"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 3: Erregerspektrum</span>  
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:11" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:11&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Kategorie</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
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| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" width="204" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:12" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:12&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Basisspektrum</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob</span>
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  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Nosokomial gram-negativ</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Enterokokken</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" width="204" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
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|- style="mso-yfti-irow:13" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:13&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:14" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:14&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
|}<span style="color: black">Kategorie 1: Basisspektrum, gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span><span style="color: black">Kategorie 2: Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1 nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span>
 
<span style="color: black">Kategorie 3, Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2 ''Candida'' spp., Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span>''<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span>''
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:432.75pt;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="577"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 4: Risikofaktoren für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Risiko</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">MRE</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Enterokokken</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Risikofaktoren</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Postoperative Peritonitis</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Tertiäre Peritonitis</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Antibiotikavortherapie in den  vorhergehenden 8 Wochen</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Verlegung aus Land/Region mit hoher MRE  Prävalenz</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Häufige und kürzlich stattgehabte  Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Bekannte MRE Kolonisierung des  Magen-Darm-Traktes</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Immunsuppression</span>
 
<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Hospitalisierung >7 Tage bei  Diagnose</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
  Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Septischer  Schock bei antibiotischer Vortherapie</span>
 
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Immunsuppression</span>
 
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Patienten  mit Klappenprothesen</span>
 
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
  Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Patienten  mit Rezidiv-Eingriffen und Sepsis</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1009" style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 5: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie</span>
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Klasse</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Präparat</span>
| colspan="9" style="width:191.35pt;" width="255" |Erreger
| colspan="3" style="width:326.05pt;" width="435" |Kategorie
|- style="height:164.35ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" valign="top" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Enterobacteriaceae<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> WT</span>
| style="width:21.3pt;" width="28" |''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Enterobakterien ESBL
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Enterokokken<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Streptokokken WT
| style="width:21.3pt;" width="28" |Staphylokokken WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |MRSA
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |VRE
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Anaerobier
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |'''1'''
 
Substanz
 
i.v. Gabe
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="145" |'''2'''
 
Substanz
 
i.v. Gabe
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |'''3'''
 
Substanz
 
i.v. Gabe
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |Penicilline
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*2,2-4,4g
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Ampicillin/Sulbactam
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*2/1g
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Piperacillin/Tazobactam
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*4,5g
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="145" |3*4,5g
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |4*4,5g
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cephalosporine</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Cefazolin (1)
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefuroxim (2)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*1,5g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+ Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ceftriaxon (3a)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">1*2g</span>
 
<span style="color: black">+Metronidazol<sup>##</sup></span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefotaxim<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> (3a)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="color: black">+Metronidazol<sup>##</sup></span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ceftazidim (3b)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefepim (4)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ceftarolin#</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Nitroimidazol</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">In Kombination  3*0,5g</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Carbapeneme</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Imipenem</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*1g</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Meropenem</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">4*2g</span>
|- style="height:45.35ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Chinolone</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ciprofloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei Penicillin  Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei Penicillin  Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Levofloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">2*500mg  +Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">2*500mg  +Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Moxifloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*400mg</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*400mg</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:18"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Glykopeptid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Vancomycin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">Kombinationstherapie</span>
 
<span style="color: black">für bis zu 3d</span>
 
<span style="color: black">1.d 2*15mg/kg, danach nach TDM (15-20mg/l)</span>
 
<span style="color: black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2*0,5-1g</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:19"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Teicoplanin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Kombinationstherapie</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">für bis zu 3d</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1.d 2*6-12mg/kg, danach 1*6-12mg/kg, TDM</span>
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Glycylcyclin</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Tigecyclin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Kombinationstherapie,</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1.d 1*100mg, danach 2*50mg</span>
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Oxazolidinon</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Linezolid ‘‘ 2*600mg</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei VRE/MRSA  2*600mg</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:22"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Zyklisches Lipopeptid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Daptomycin‘‘ 1*8-10mg/kg</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:59.55ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Epoxid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Fosfomycin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Keine first line  Therapie, wenn nur in Kombination (Resistenzen) 3*4-8g</span>
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Monobactam</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Aztreonam</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-green-bg" |<span class="col-black ve-pasteProtect">gute Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</span>
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-white-bg" |<span class="col-black ve-pasteProtect">Wirksamkeit nicht sicher vorhersagbar</span>
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-red-bg" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">keine Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</span>
|}
<span style="color: black">Kategorie 1: Basisspektrum, gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>
 
<span style="color: black">Kategorie 2: Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1 nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>
 
<span style="color: black">Kategorie 3, Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2 Candida spp., Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>
 
 
<span style="color: black">‘‘ Daptomycin, Linezolid sind nicht für komplizierte Intraabdominelle Infektionen zugelassen</span>
 
<span style="color: black">##: Beide Präparate können in Kombination mit Metronidazol, je nach Hausstandard gleichwertig verwendet werden</span>
 
<span style="color: black">**Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit</span>
 
<span style="color: black">Eine nicht perforierte, nicht phlegmonöse Appendizitis benötigt keine postoperative Antibiose</span>
 
===Empirische antimykotische Therapie===
Zusätzlich zur empirischen antibiotischen Therapie wird eine empirische antimykotische Therapie insbesondere für die Kategorie 1 und 2 (Tabelle 2 und 3) nicht empfohlen. Auf Basis der bisher erhobenen Evidenz konnte auch für die Kategorie 3 kein Überlebensvorteil für den empirischen Einsatz einer antimykotischen Therapie gezeigt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die empirische Gabe eines Antimykotikums auch bei Risikopatienten (schwere postoperative- oder tertiäre Peritonitis) kontrovers diskutiert. In Einzelfällen kann ein entsprechender Einsatz sinnvoll sein, wenn ein schweres Krankheitsbild (septischer Schock) sowie zusätzlich multiple Nachweise einer Kolonisierung mit ''Candida'' spp. vorliegen. Dabei ist kritisch zu prüfen, wie der Erregernachweis erfolgt ist. Abstriche insbesondere aus Drainagen bieten keine sinnvolle Grundlage für eine Beurteilung, da es sich häufig um eine Besiedlung des Ablaufsystems handelt. Für die empirische antimykotische Therapie sollte in der Regel ein Echinocandin verwendet werden <ref>Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al.: ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 Suppl 7: 19-37.</ref>. Die folgenden Informationen können als Entscheidungshilfe in Grenzfällen genutzt werden.
 
Folgende Kriterien gelten als Risikofaktoren für eine invasive Candidiasis <ref name=":0">Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al.: A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 730-7.</ref>:
 
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%">Lang andauernder Einsatz von Breitspektrumantibiotika</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">systemische Gabe von Glukokortikoiden</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">zentralvenöser Katheter</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">parenterale Ernährung</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">Kolonisation von mehr als einer Schleimhautregion mit Candida spp.</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">komplizierte abdominalchirurgische Eingriffe (in der Regel nach Hohlorganperforation)</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">protrahierte Granulozytopenie</span>
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">akutes Nierenversagen oder eine chronische Dialyse</span>
 
 
Zusätzlich stellt das Vorliegen multipler, nicht als Kontamination zu wertender Kolonisierungsnachweise einen Risikofaktor für eine nachfolgende invasive Candidiasis dar und kann daher als Entscheidungshilfe für die Indikationsstellung zur empirischen antimykotischen Therapie genutzt werden. Einen Score zur annähernden Abschätzung der Indikation bietet der Candida Colonisation Index (CCI) nach Pittet et al. <ref name=":1">Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R: Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 751-8.</ref> (Abb. 3). Ein signifikanter CCI > 0,5 geht einer systemischen Infektion um 6 Tage voraus; der positive prädiktive Wert (PPW) lag bei 66%, der negative prädiktive Wert (NPW) bei 100%. Alternativ kann der Candida Score nach Leon et al. verwendet werden, wobei ein Score ≥ 3 mit dem Auftreten einer invasiven Candidiasis korreliert <ref name=":0" /> (Tabelle 6).
[[Datei:DGI:1622797913033.png|mini|Abbildung 3: CCI nach Pittet et al. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\&quot;Arial\&quot;,sans-serif;\nmso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;\nmso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;}"> </span>Tabelle 6: Candida Score nach Leon et al. ]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 6: Candida Score nach Leon et al.</span>
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">OP bei Aufnahme auf Intensiv</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Vollständige parenterale Ernährung</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Schwere Sepsis</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">2 Punkte</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Candida Kolonisation</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|}
<br />
 
===Erregerspezifische Therapie===
Eine Anpassung der antiinfektiven Therapie entsprechend des nachgewiesenen Erregerspektrums sollte so früh wie möglich erfolgen. Tabelle 7 zeigt orientierend die aktuell neu verfügbaren Antiinfektiva für die Therapie von IAI durch MRE. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Eine entsprechende Therapie sollte aber immer unter Berücksichtigung des aktuellen Antibiogrammes ausgewählt werden. Tabelle 8 gibt einen Überblick zur erregerspezifischen antimykotischen Therapie.
 
Auch im Setting der erregerspezifischen Therapie wird die Konsequenz eines Nachweises von Candida spp. und/oder Enterokokken aus dem Bauchraum oder aus Drainagesekreten kontrovers diskutiert. Der Nachweis beider Erregergruppen ist häufig das Ergebnis einer vorhergehenden intensiven Antibiotikaexposition und entsprechenden Selektion im Setting der tertiären Peritonitis. Bisherige Studien konnten zwar zeigen, dass ein entsprechender Nachweis mit einer ungünstigen Prognose assoziiert ist. Interventionelle Studien haben jedoch keine Verbesserung der Prognose basierend auf einer auf Enterokokken bzw. Candida spp. angepassten Therapie zeigen können. Daher bleibt unklar, ob der Nachweis dieser Erreger in diesem Setting tatsächlich eine klinische Relevanz hat, die über die eines Biomarkers für eine ungünstige Prognose hinausgeht. Aus diesem Grunde kann bei einem klinisch stabilen Patienten ohne aktuelle Hinweise einer floriden Infektion in Einzelfällen auch eine zuwartende Strategie verfolgt werden.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="652" style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 7: Spektren verfügbarer Antiinfektiva</span>
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Präparat</span>
| colspan="16" style="width:340.0pt;" width="453" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Erreger</span>
| style="" width="1" |
|- style="height:275.8ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''<span style="font-size:10.0pt">P.  aerugionsa</span>'' <span style="font-size:10.0pt">WT</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''<span style="font-size:10.0pt">P.  aeruginosa</span>''<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> AmpC</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''P. aeruginosa''<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> Porinverlust  (oprD-loss)
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''<span style="font-size:10.0pt">P.  aeruginosa</span>''<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> Effluxpumpen</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''P. aeruginosa'' <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Carbapenem-R  (Ø Carbapenemase)
| style="width:21.4pt;" width="29" |''P. aeruginosa''<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> MBL+
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Enterobacteriaceae WT</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Enterobacteriaceae ESBL+</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Enterobacteriaceae OXA-48-like+</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Enterobacteriaceae</span><span style="font-size:
  10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">KPC</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Enterobacteriaceae  Carbapenem-R (Ø Carbapenemase)
| style="width:21.45pt;" width="29" |Enterobacteriaceae<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> MBL+  (VIM,IMP,NDM)
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>''Acinetobacter  baumannii'' WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>''Acinetobacter  baumannii'' Carbapenem-R
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |''<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> Stenotrophomonas maltophilia'' WT
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" width="29" |''<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> Stenotrophomonas maltophilia'' Carbapenem-R
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |Ceftazidim/ Avibactam
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Ceftolozan/  Tazobactam</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Imipenem/  Relebactam</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Meropenem/ Varbobactam</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Colisitin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Cefiderocol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="29" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Ceftobiprol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.45pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| colspan="2" style="width:21.4pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="29" |
|}
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="369" style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;"
|+<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\&quot;Arial\&quot;,sans-serif;\nmso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;\nmso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;}"> </span><span class="col-black">Tabelle 8: Erregerspezifische Antimykotikatherapie bei IAI</span>
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Präparat</span>
| colspan="6" style="width:127.6pt;" width="170" |Erreger
|- style="height:117.15ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Candida  albicans</span>''
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''Candida glabrata''
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''Candida parapsilosis''
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''Candida krusei''
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''Aspergillus fumigatus''
| style="width:21.35pt;" width="28" valign="top" |''Aspergillus niger''
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Fluconazol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Voriconazol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Isavuconazol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" valign="top" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Caspofungin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Anidulafungin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Micafungin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:148.8pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Liposomales Amphotericin  B</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-blue-light-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.35pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
|}
<br />
 
===Dauer der Therapie:===
Bei klinisch stabilen Patienten mit einer entsprechenden Fokuskontrolle und fehlenden Anzeichen einer Sepsis kann die Antibiotikatherapie nach drei bis fünf Tagen beendet werden <ref name=":1" />.
 
Bei schwer erkrankten Patienten und/oder Patienten, bei denen eine stabile Fokussanierung unmöglich ist, sollte die Antibiotikatherapie täglich kritisch reevaluiert werden. Unter Einbeziehung des Verlaufs der Entzündungsparameter sollte die Antibiotikatherapie so früh wie möglich beendet werden. Das Procalcitonin (PCT) ist hierfür ein gut geeigneter Parameter. Alternativ können CRP und auch Interleukin -6 (IL-6) zur Therapiesteuerung genutzt werden, wobei die vergleichsweise lange HWZ des CRP berücksichtigt werden muss.
 
Die Gabe einer Antibiotikatherapie >7d bei Patienten mit einem sanierten intraabdominellen Fokus ist außer bei Erregern wie ''Staphylococcus aureus'' oder ''Pseudomonas aeroginosa'' kritisch zu hinterfragen.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span>


Bei einer IAI sollte bei einer antimykotischen Therapie, außer bei Nachweis in der Blutkultur an eine frühzeitige Deeskalation (Tag 5) gedacht werden. Lediglich ein systemischer Nachweis von Pilzen in der Blutkultur berechtigt eine Weiterführung einer antimykotischen Therapie >7d.  
Bei einer IAI sollte bei einer antimykotischen Therapie, außer bei Nachweis in der Blutkultur an eine frühzeitige Deeskalation (Tag 5) gedacht werden. Lediglich ein systemischer Nachweis von Pilzen in der Blutkultur berechtigt eine Weiterführung einer antimykotischen Therapie >7d.  


Im Einzelfall kann auch bei kritisch kranken Patienten mit einer tertiären Peritonitis eine längerfristige antimykotische Therapie überlegt werden. Die Studiendaten zeigen für diese Patienten eine erhöhte Mortalität, ohne dass eine antimykotische Therapie das Outcome verbessert. Bei systemischer Infektion sollte die Therapiedauer 14d ab der ersten negativen Blutkulturen betragen.<references />
Im Einzelfall kann auch bei kritisch kranken Patient:innen mit einer tertiären Peritonitis eine längerfristige antimykotische Therapie überlegt werden. Die Studiendaten zeigen für diese Patient:innen eine erhöhte Mortalität, ohne dass eine antimykotische Therapie das Outcome verbessert. Bei systemischer Infektion sollte die Therapiedauer 14d ab der ersten negativen Blutkulturen betragen.

Latest revision as of 13:40, 21 September 2021

Die Wahl des Antibiotikums einer intraabdominellen Infektion in der kalkulierten Therapie sollte folgendes berücksichtigen:

  • Um eine zielgerichtete, zeitlich und inhaltlich adäquate antibiotische Therapie einer IAI initiieren zu können, sollte eine klinische Einteilung nach Lokalisation und Ausprägung der Infektion (keine Perforation/lokal/diffus) in Abhängig des Infektionsbeginns (seit <7d/>7d) und der Ausprägung der Erkrankungsschwere (Sepsis/Septischer Schock) erfolgen.
  • Bzgl. des MRE-Risikos sollte zusätzlich anamnestiziert werden, inwieweit die Patient:innen häufige Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz getätigt haben oder es sich um die Verlegung eines Patient:innen aus einem Land/Region mit hoher Prävalenz resistenter Erreger handelt. Antibakterielle Vorbehandlungen sind ebenfalls bedeutsam.
  • Das besondere Erregerspektrum bei Patient:innen mit Peritonealdialyse (PD) ist entsprechend zu berücksichtigen.

In der Regel ist insbesondere zu Beginn der Therapie (außer im Falle der unkomplizierten IAI) eine intravenöse Antibiotikatherapie erforderlich, jedoch kann bei Patient:innen mit PD die Therapie ggf. über die Dialyseflüssigkeit erfolgen. Die Anpassung der Antibiotikadosierungen an die Nierenfunktion muss berücksichtigt werden.

CAVE: 90% aller Patient:innen mit einer IAI benötigen eine chirurgische Herdsanierung. Begleitend muss eine zielgerichtete adäquate antibiotische- und ggf. intensivmedizinische Therapie erfolgen, es sei denn, es handelt sich um eine unkomplizierte IAI.

Bei einer erfolgreichen Herdsanierung ist dann, außer einer perioperativer Antibiotikaprophylaxe, keine weitere antiinfektive Therapie erforderlich. Ansonsten ist die unverzügliche Einleitung angemessener Therapiemaßnahmen (Antibiotikatherapie, Herdsanierung, Stabilisierung der Homöostase, ggf. eine intensivmedizinische Therapie), insbesondere im Rahmen einer Sepsis, ein kritischer Faktor für den Therapieerfolg.

Dauer der Therapie

Bei klinisch stabilen Patient:innen mit einer entsprechenden Fokuskontrolle und fehlenden Anzeichen einer Sepsis kann die Antibiotikatherapie nach drei bis fünf Tagen beendet werden[1].

Bei schwer erkrankten Patient:innen, bei denen eine stabile Fokussanierung unmöglich ist, sollte die Antibiotikatherapie täglich kritisch reevaluiert werden. Unter Einbeziehung des Verlaufs der Entzündungsparameter sollte die Antibiotikatherapie so früh wie möglich beendet werden. Das Procalcitonin (PCT) ist hierfür ein gut geeigneter Parameter. Alternativ können CRP und auch Interleukin -6 (IL-6) zur Therapiesteuerung genutzt werden, wobei die vergleichsweise lange HWZ des CRP berücksichtigt werden muss.

  Die Gabe einer Antibiotikatherapie >7d bei Patient:innen mit einem sanierten intraabdominellen Fokus ist außer bei Erregern wie Staphylococcus aureus oder Pseudomonas aeroginosa kritisch zu hinterfragen.

Die Gabe einer Antibiotikatherapie >7d bei Patient:innen mit einem sanierten intraabdominellen Fokus ist außer bei Erregern wie Staphylococcus aureus oder Pseudomonas aeroginosa kritisch zu hinterfragen.

Bei einer IAI sollte bei einer antimykotischen Therapie, außer bei Nachweis in der Blutkultur an eine frühzeitige Deeskalation (Tag 5) gedacht werden. Lediglich ein systemischer Nachweis von Pilzen in der Blutkultur berechtigt eine Weiterführung einer antimykotischen Therapie >7d.

Im Einzelfall kann auch bei kritisch kranken Patient:innen mit einer tertiären Peritonitis eine längerfristige antimykotische Therapie überlegt werden. Die Studiendaten zeigen für diese Patient:innen eine erhöhte Mortalität, ohne dass eine antimykotische Therapie das Outcome verbessert. Bei systemischer Infektion sollte die Therapiedauer 14d ab der ersten negativen Blutkulturen betragen.

  1. Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):1996-2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411162