DGI:Abdominelle Infektionen/Therapie/Empirische Therapie: Difference between revisions

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====Empirische antibiotische Therapie====
Die Auswahl einer adäquaten antibiotischen Therapie orientiert sich am Fokus der IAI (z.B. Cholecystitis, Sigmadivertikulitis) sowie der individuell vorliegenden Form der Peritonitis ([[#Schritt 1:Klassifikation IAI nach Ausdehnung, Erwerb, Dauer und Schweregrad|Schritt 1]]). Diese gibt orientierend Aufschluss über das einzusetzende Spektrum ([[#Schritt 2: Orientierendes Therapiespektrum anhand des wahrscheinlichen Erregerspektrum|Schritt 2]]). Im Anschluss muss zusätzlich evaluiert werden, ob ein Risiko für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken besteht ([[#Schritt 3: Risikofaktoren für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken prüfen|Schritt 3]]). Darauf basierend kann schließlich ein passendes Medikament ausgewählt werden ([[#Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie|Schritt 4]]). Die Indikation für eine [[#Schritt 5: Indikation empirische antimykotische Therapie|''ergänzende'' empirische antimykotische Therapie]] folgt darauf ([[#Schritt 5: Indikation empirische antimykotische Therapie|Schritt 5]]).
Die Auswahl einer adäquaten antibiotischen Therapie orientiert sich am Fokus der IAI (z.B. Cholecystitis, Sigmadivertikulitis) sowie der individuell vorliegenden Form der Peritonitis (Tabelle 2). Diese gibt orientierend Aufschluss über das einzusetzende Spektrum (Tabelle 3). Im Anschluss muss zusätzlich evaluiert werden, ob ein Risiko für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken besteht (Tabelle 4). Darauf basierend kann schließlich ein passendes Medikament aus Tabelle 5 ausgewählt werden. Die Indikation für eine ergänzenden empirische antimykotische Therapie wird im nächsten Kapitel dezidiert aufgeführt.


======Schritt 1:Klassifikation IAI nach Ausdehnung, Erwerb, Dauer und Schweregrad======
{{Hinweis/note|text=Bei Herdsanierung und unkomplizierter IAI ist keine Antibiotikatherapie indiziert!}}
{| class="wikitable" style=""
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |'''Kategorie 1:'''
Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob
| class="col-orange-bg" |'''Kategorie 2:'''
Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |'''Kategorie 3:'''
Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="2" |
!Mild
(Infektion)
!Moderat
(Sepsis)
!Schwer
(Septischer Schock)
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Ambulant erworben oder IAI frühe nosokomiale IAI
(<7d nach Krankenhaus Aufnahme)
! scope="row" |Ohne Perforation
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
|-
! scope="row" |Lokale Peritonitis
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
|-
! scope="row" |Diffuse Peritonitis
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Späte nosokomiale IAI
(>7d nach Krankenhaus Aufnahme)
! scope="row" |Ohne Perforation
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
|-
! scope="row" |Lokale Peritonitis
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3
|-
! scope="row" |Diffuse Peritonitis
| class="col-orange-bg" |2
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3
|}
<sup>'''1)''' Basisspektrum: gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob '''2)''' Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken '''3)''' Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.</sup>


{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="973"
<sup>Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in [[#Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie|Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie]]</sup>
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 2: Klassifikation IAI nach Ausdehnung, Erwerb und Dauer</span>
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |
| colspan="6" style="width:369.2pt;" width="492" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Schwergrad  der Erkrankung</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" width="148" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Mild</span>


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
======Schritt 2: Orientierendes Therapiespektrum anhand des wahrscheinlichen Erregerspektrum======
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
{| class="wikitable" style=""
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Infektion)</span>
!Kategorie!!Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" width="146" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
!Nosokomial gram-negativ
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
!Enterokokken
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Moderate</span>
!Candida spp.
|-
! class="col-blue-dark-bg" scope="row" |1
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" | +
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" | -
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" | -
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" | -
|-
! class="col-orange-bg" scope="row" |2
| class="col-orange-bg" | +
| class="col-orange-bg" | +
| class="col-orange-bg" | +
| class="col-orange-bg" | -
|-
! class="col-grey-light-bg" scope="row" |3
| class="col-grey-light-bg" | +
| class="col-grey-light-bg" | +
| class="col-grey-light-bg" | +
| class="col-grey-light-bg" | +
|}


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
<sup>Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in [[#Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie|Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie]]</sup>
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Sepsis)</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" width="198" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Schwer</span>


<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
======Schritt 3: Risikofaktoren für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken prüfen======
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
{| class="wikitable" style=""
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">(Septischer Schock)</span>
!MRE
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
!Enterokokken
| colspan="7" style="width:491.1pt;" width="655" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
|-
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ambulant erworben oder IAI frühe  nosokomiale IAI (<7d nach Krkhs Aufnahme)</span>
*<bs:checklist value="1" type="check" checked="false" /> Postoperative Peritonitis
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Tertiäre Peritonitis
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Antibiotikavortherapie in den  vorhergehenden 8 Wochen
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Verlegung aus Land/Region mit hoher MRE  Prävalenz
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ohne  Perforation</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Häufige und kürzlich stattgehabte  Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Bekannte MRE Kolonisierung des Magen-Darm-Traktes
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Immunsuppression
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Hospitalisierung >7 Tage bei  Diagnose
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
|
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Septischer Schock bei antibiotischer Vortherapie
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Immunsuppression
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Lokale  Peritonitis</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Patient:innen mit Klappenprothesen
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Patient:innen mit Rezidiv-Eingriffen und Sepsis
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Diffuse  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| colspan="7" style="width:491.1pt;" width="655" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Späte nosokomiale IAI (>7d nach Krkhs Aufnahme)</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Ohne  Perforation</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Lokale  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color:#787878;width:109.4pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:9;mso-row-margin-right:238.95pt"
| style="width:121.9pt;" width="163" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Diffuse  Peritonitis</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:111.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="148" |<span style="color: black">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-color:#787878;border-right-color:#787878;border-top-color:#787878;border-bottom-color:#787878;width:109.4pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="146" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:148.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="198" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">3</span>
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="973" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:730%;&quot;}"
<br />
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 3: Erregerspektrum</span>  
======Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie======
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:11" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:11&quot;}"
<br />
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
{| class="wikitable" style=""
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
!Klinische Situation
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Kategorie</span>
!Präferenz
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
!Substanz
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
!Dosierung
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
!Dauer
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;\n  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:\n  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Therapiebereich</span>
!Anpassungen
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
!Kommentar
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" width="204" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |
|-
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:12" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:12&quot;}"
! rowspan="3" class="col-blue-dark-bg" scope="row" |'''Kategorie 1:'''
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Basisspektrum</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Nosokomial gram-negativ</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Enterokokken</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" width="204" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;\n  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:\n  minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">Candida</span>'' <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">spp.</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:13" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:13&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:14" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:14&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:\n  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin&quot;}">-</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes&quot;}"
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:144.25pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="192" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:144.25pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:153.05pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="204" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:153.05pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">+</span>
|}<span style="color: black">Kategorie 1: Basisspektrum, gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span><span style="color: black">Kategorie 2: Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1 nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span>


<span style="color: black">Kategorie 3, Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2 ''Candida'' spp., Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Tabelle 4</span>''<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob
11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
|Therapie der Wahl<br />
Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span>''
|Cefotaxim  (3a)<br />
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="577"
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |3*2g
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 4: Risikofaktoren für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">Risiko</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">MRE</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Enterokokken</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Risikofaktoren</span>
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Postoperative Peritonitis</span>


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
+Metronidazol##
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Tertiäre Peritonitis</span>
| rowspan="8" |siehe Abschnitt [[#Dauer der Therapie|Dauer der Therapie]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Therapie der Wahl<br />
|Ceftriaxon (3a)
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1*2g
+Metronidazol##
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|Bei Penecillin Allergie
|Ciprofloxacin**
|3*400mg + Metronidazol
| -
|CAVE: Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit
|-
! rowspan="2" class="col-orange-bg" scope="row" |'''Kategorie 2:'''


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Antibiotikavortherapie in den  vorhergehenden 8 Wochen</span>
|Therapie der Wahl
|Piperacillin / Tazobactam
| class="col-orange-bg" |3*4,5g
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|Bei Penicillin Allergie
|Ciprofloxacin**
|3*400mg + Metronidazol
| -
|CAVE: Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit
|-
! rowspan="3" class="col-grey-light-bg" scope="row" |'''Kategorie 3:'''


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Verlegung aus Land/Region mit hoher MRE  Prävalenz</span>
|Therapie der Wahl
|Imipenem
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3*1g
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Therapie der Wahl
|Meropenem
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3*2g
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|-
|Therapie der Wahl
|Vancomycin
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |Kombinationstherapie für bis zu 3d 1.d 2*15mg/kg
|nach 3d TDM (15-20mg/l) 2*0,5-1g
| -
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""
|+
Ausführliche Übersicht Auswahl Antibiotische Therapie


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
! rowspan="2" |Klasse
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Häufige und kürzlich stattgehabte  Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz</span>
! rowspan="2" |Präparat
! colspan="9" |Erreger
! colspan="3" |Kategorie (gemäß Schritt 2)
|-
! scope="col" |Enterobacteriaceae  WT
! scope="col" |Pseudomonas aeruginosa WT
! scope="col" |Entero-bakterien ESBL
! scope="col" |Entero-kokken  WT
! scope="col" |Strepto-kokken WT
! scope="col" |Staphylo-kokken WT
! scope="col" |MRSA
! scope="col" |VRE
! scope="col" |Anaerobier
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |'''Kategorie 1: Substanz i.v. Gabe'''
| class="col-orange-bg" |'''Kategorie 2: Substanz i.v. Gabe'''
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |'''Kategorie: 3: Substanz i.v. Gabe'''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Penicilline
! scope="row" |Amoxicillin / Clavulansäure
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
|3*2,2-4,4g
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! |Ampicillin / Sulbactam
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|3*2/1g
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Bekannte MRE Kolonisierung des  Magen-Darm-Traktes</span>
|-
!|Piperacillin / Tazobactam
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|3*4,5g
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Immunsuppression</span>
| class="col-orange-bg" |3*4,5g
|4*4,5g
|-
! rowspan="7" |Cephalosporine
!|Cefazolin (1)
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |


<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
  Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·  </span></span><span style="color: black">Hospitalisierung >7 Tage bei  Diagnose</span>
|
| style="width:144.25pt;" width="192" valign="top" |<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
|-
  Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Septischer  Schock bei antibiotischer Vortherapie</span>
!|Cefuroxim (2)
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
|3*1,5g
+ Metronidazol
|
|
|-
!|Ceftriaxon (3a)
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |1*2g


<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
+Metronidazol##
  font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Immunsuppression</span>
|1*2g
+Metronidazol
|
|-
!|Cefotaxim  (3a)
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-blue-dark-bg" |3*2g


<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
+Metronidazol##
  font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Patienten  mit Klappenprothesen</span>
|3*2g


<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
+Metronidazol
  Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="color: black">Patienten  mit Rezidiv-Eingriffen und Sepsis</span>
|
|}
|-
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1009"
!|Ceftazidim (3b)
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 5: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie</span>
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
| class="col-green-bg" |
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
| class="col-red-bg" |
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Klasse</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-white-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-white-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Präparat</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| colspan="9" style="width:191.35pt;" width="255" |Erreger
| class="col-red-bg" |
| colspan="3" style="width:326.05pt;" width="435" |Kategorie
|- style="height:164.35ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" valign="top" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" valign="top" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Enterobacteriaceae<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> WT</span>
| style="width:21.3pt;" width="28" |''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Entero-bakterien ESBL
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Entero-kokken<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Strepto-kokken WT
| style="width:21.3pt;" width="28" |Staphylo-kokken WT
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |MRSA
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |VRE
| style="width:21.25pt;" width="28" |Anaerobier
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |'''1'''


Substanz
|
|-
!|Cefepim (4)
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
|
|3*2g


i.v. Gabe
+Metronidazol
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="145" |'''2'''
|3*2g


Substanz
+Metronidazol
|-
!|Ceftarolin#
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
|
| rowspan="4" |
|-
! |Nitroimidazol
! |Metronidazol
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
|In Kombination 3*0,5g
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Carbapeneme
! |Imipenem
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |


i.v. Gabe
| rowspan="2" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |'''3'''
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3*1g
|-
! |Meropenem
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |


Substanz
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |3*2g
|-
! rowspan="3" |Chinolone
!|Ciprofloxacin**
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |


i.v. Gabe
|Bei Penicillin Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
|Bei Penicillin Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |Penicilline
| rowspan="3" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Amoxicillin / Clavulansäure
|-
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
!|Levofloxacin**
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*2,2-4,4g
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Ampicillin / Sulbactam
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*2/1g
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Piperacillin / Tazobactam
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |3*4,5g
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-orange-bg" width="145" |3*4,5g
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |4*4,5g
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cephalosporine</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |Cefazolin (1)
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefuroxim (2)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*1,5g</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|2*500mg +Metronidazol
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|2*500mg +Metronidazol
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+ Metronidazol</span>
|-
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
!|Moxifloxacin**
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-red-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-white-bg" |
  major-latin">Ceftriaxon (3a)</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">1*2g</span>


<span style="color: black">+Metronidazol<sup>##</sup></span>
|1*400mg
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|1*400mg
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|-
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*2g</span>
! rowspan="2" |Glykopeptid
!|Vancomycin
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
| rowspan="7" |
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
| rowspan="6" |
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| class="col-grey-light-bg" |Kombinationstherapie
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefotaxim<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span> (3a)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" class="col-blue-dark-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">3*2g</span>


<span style="color: black">+Metronidazol<sup>##</sup></span>
für bis zu 3d
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1.d 2*15mg/kg, danach nach TDM (15-20mg/l)
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ceftazidim (3b)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Cefepim (4)</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
 2*0,5-1g
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|-
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
!|Teicoplanin
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
| class="col-red-bg" |
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-white-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|Kombinationstherapie
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ceftarolin#</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Nitroimidazol</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">In Kombination  3*0,5g</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Carbapeneme</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Imipenem</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*1g</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Meropenem</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">4*2g</span>
|- style="height:45.35ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Chinolone</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Ciprofloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei Penicillin  Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei Penicillin  Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Levofloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">2*500mg  +Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">2*500mg  +Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Moxifloxacin**</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*400mg</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1*400mg</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:18"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Glykopeptid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Vancomycin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="145" |<span style="color: black">Kombinationstherapie</span>


<span style="color: black">für bis zu 3d</span>
für bis zu 3d


<span style="color: black">1.d 2*15mg/kg, danach nach TDM (15-20mg/l)</span>
1.d 2*6-12mg/kg, danach 1*6-12mg/kg, TDM
|-
!|Glycylcyclin
!|Tigecyclin
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |


<span style="color: black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2*0,5-1g</span>
|Kombinationstherapie,1.d 1*100mg, danach 2*50mg
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:19"
|-
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |
!|Oxazolidinon
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
!|Linezolid ‘‘ 2*600mg
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-red-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Teicoplanin</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Kombinationstherapie</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|Bei VRE/MRSA 2*600mg
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|-
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">für bis zu 3d</span>
!|Zyklisches Lipopeptid
!|Daptomycin‘‘ 1*8-10mg/kg
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-green-bg" |
| class="col-red-bg" |


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|-
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
!|Epoxid
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">1.d 2*6-12mg/kg, danach 1*6-12mg/kg, TDM</span>
!|Fosfomycin
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| class="col-white-bg" |
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-white-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Glycylcyclin</span>
| class="col-green-bg" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-green-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-green-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Tigecyclin</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Kombinationstherapie,</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|Keine first line Therapie, wenn nur in Kombination (Resistenzen) 3*4-8g
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|-
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1.d 1*100mg, danach 2*50mg</span>
!|Monobactam
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
!|Aztreonam
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-green-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-green-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Oxazolidinon</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
| class="col-red-bg" |
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
| class="col-red-bg" |
  major-latin">Linezolid ‘‘ 2*600mg</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| class="col-red-bg" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Bei VRE/MRSA  2*600mg</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:22"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Zyklisches Lipopeptid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Daptomycin‘‘ 1*8-10mg/kg</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
|- style="height:59.55ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Epoxid</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Fosfomycin</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-white-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">Keine first line Therapie, wenn nur in Kombination (Resistenzen) 3*4-8g</span>
|- style="height:31.2ptpx;"
| style="width:90.45pt;" width="121" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Monobactam</span>
| style="width:148.85pt;" width="198" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
  Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-latin">Aztreonam</span>
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-green-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.3pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:21.25pt;" class="col-red-bg" width="28" |
| style="width:108.65pt;" width="145" |
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
|3*2g
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
| style="width:108.7pt;" width="145" |<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">3*2g</span>


<span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-theme-font:
+Metronidazol
  major-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
|3*2g
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin">+Metronidazol</span>
 
+Metronidazol
|}
{| class="wikitable" style=""
|-
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-green-bg" |<span class="col-black ve-pasteProtect">gute Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</span>
| class="col-green-bg" |<sub>gute Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</sub>
|-
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-white-bg" |<span class="col-black ve-pasteProtect">Wirksamkeit nicht sicher vorhersagbar</span>
| class="col-white-bg" |<sub>Wirksamkeit nicht sicher vorhersagbar</sub>
|-
|-
| colspan="14" class="col-red-bg" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">keine Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</span>
| class="col-red-bg" |<sub>keine Wirksamkeit zu erwarten</sub>
|}
|}<sub>'''‘‘''' Daptomycin, Linezolid sind nicht für komplizierte Intraabdominelle Infektionen zugelassen</sub>
<span style="color: black">Kategorie 1: Basisspektrum, gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>


<span style="color: black">Kategorie 2: Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1 nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken, Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>
<sub>'''##:''' Beide Präparate können in Kombination mit Metronidazol, je nach Hausstandard gleichwertig verwendet werden</sub>  


<span style="color: black">Kategorie 3, Spektrum zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2 Candida spp., Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum</span>
<sub>'''**'''Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit</sub>


<sub>Eine nicht perforierte, nicht phlegmonöse Appendizitis benötigt keine postoperative Antibiose</sub>


<span style="color: black">‘‘ Daptomycin, Linezolid sind nicht für komplizierte Intraabdominelle Infektionen zugelassen</span>
======Schritt 5: Indikation empirische antimykotische Therapie======
Zusätzlich zur empirischen antibiotischen Therapie wird eine empirische antimykotische Therapie insbesondere für die Kategorie 1 und 2 (Schritt 1 und 2) nicht empfohlen. Auf Basis der bisher erhobenen Evidenz konnte auch für die Kategorie 3 kein Überlebensvorteil für den empirischen Einsatz einer antimykotischen Therapie gezeigt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die empirische Gabe eines Antimykotikums auch bei Risikopatient:in (schwere postoperative- oder tertiäre Peritonitis) kontrovers diskutiert. In Einzelfällen kann ein entsprechender Einsatz sinnvoll sein, wenn ein schweres Krankheitsbild (septischer Schock) sowie zusätzlich multiple Nachweise einer Kolonisierung mit ''Candida'' spp. vorliegen. Dabei ist kritisch zu prüfen, wie der Erregernachweis erfolgt ist. Abstriche insbesondere aus Drainagen bieten keine sinnvolle Grundlage für eine Beurteilung, da es sich häufig um eine Besiedlung des Ablaufsystems handelt. Für die empirische antimykotische Therapie sollte in der Regel ein Echinocandin verwendet werden <ref>Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. ''Clin Microbiol Infect''. 2012;18 Suppl 7:19-37. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12039 10.1111/1469-0691.12039]</ref>. Die folgenden Informationen können als Entscheidungshilfe in Grenzfällen genutzt werden.


<span style="color: black">##: Beide Präparate können in Kombination mit Metronidazol, je nach Hausstandard gleichwertig verwendet werden</span>  
Folgende Kriterien gelten als '''Risikofaktoren für eine invasive Candidiasis'''<ref>León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. ''Crit Care Med''. 2006;34(3):730-737. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D]</ref>:


<span style="color: black">**Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit</span>
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Lang andauernder Einsatz von Breitspektrumantibiotika
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Systemische Gabe von Glukokortikoiden
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Zentralvenöser Katheter
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Parenterale Ernährung
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Kolonisation von mehr als einer Schleimhautregion mit Candida spp.
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Komplizierte abdominalchirurgische Eingriffe (in der Regel nach Hohlorganperforation)
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Protrahierte Granulozytopenie
*<bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Akutes Nierenversagen oder eine chronische Dialyse


<span style="color: black">Eine nicht perforierte, nicht phlegmonöse Appendizitis benötigt keine postoperative Antibiose</span>


====Empirische antimykotische Therapie====
Zusätzlich stellt das Vorliegen multipler, nicht als Kontamination zu wertender Kolonisierungsnachweise einen Risikofaktor für eine nachfolgende invasive Candidiasis dar und kann daher als Entscheidungshilfe für die Indikationsstellung zur empirischen antimykotischen Therapie genutzt werden. Einen Score zur annähernden Abschätzung der Indikation bietet der [[#Candida Scores|Candida Colonisation Index (CCI)]] nach Pittet et al. <ref>Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. ''Ann Surg''. 1994;220(6):751-758. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199412000-00008 10.1097/00000658-199412000-00008]</ref>
Zusätzlich zur empirischen antibiotischen Therapie wird eine empirische antimykotische Therapie insbesondere für die Kategorie 1 und 2 (Tabelle 2 und 3) nicht empfohlen. Auf Basis der bisher erhobenen Evidenz konnte auch für die Kategorie 3 kein Überlebensvorteil für den empirischen Einsatz einer antimykotischen Therapie gezeigt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die empirische Gabe eines Antimykotikums auch bei Risikopatienten (schwere postoperative- oder tertiäre Peritonitis) kontrovers diskutiert. In Einzelfällen kann ein entsprechender Einsatz sinnvoll sein, wenn ein schweres Krankheitsbild (septischer Schock) sowie zusätzlich multiple Nachweise einer Kolonisierung mit ''Candida'' spp. vorliegen. Dabei ist kritisch zu prüfen, wie der Erregernachweis erfolgt ist. Abstriche insbesondere aus Drainagen bieten keine sinnvolle Grundlage für eine Beurteilung, da es sich häufig um eine Besiedlung des Ablaufsystems handelt. Für die empirische antimykotische Therapie sollte in der Regel ein Echinocandin verwendet werden <ref>Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al.: ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 Suppl 7: 19-37.</ref>. Die folgenden Informationen können als Entscheidungshilfe in Grenzfällen genutzt werden.


Folgende Kriterien gelten als Risikofaktoren für eine invasive Candidiasis <ref name=":0">Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al.: A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 730-7.</ref>:
Ein signifikanter CCI > 0,5 geht einer systemischen Infektion um 6 Tage voraus; der positive prädiktive Wert (PPW) lag bei 66%, der negative prädiktive Wert (NPW) bei 100%. Alternativ kann der Candida Score nach Leon et al. verwendet werden, wobei ein Score ≥ 3 mit dem Auftreten einer invasiven Candidiasis korreliert <ref>León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. ''Crit Care Med''. 2006;34(3):730-737. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D]</ref>.


*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%">Lang andauernder Einsatz von Breitspektrumantibiotika</span>
======Candida Scores======
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">systemische Gabe von Glukokortikoiden</span>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">zentralvenöser Katheter</span>
!Candida Colonisation Index (CCI)
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">parenterale Ernährung</span>
nach Pittet et al.
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">Kolonisation von mehr als einer Schleimhautregion mit Candida spp.</span>
!Candida Score nach Leon et al.<br />
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">komplizierte abdominalchirurgische Eingriffe (in der Regel nach Hohlorganperforation)</span>
|-
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">protrahierte Granulozytopenie</span>
|[[Datei:DGI:1622797913033.png|mini|zentriert|679x679px|verweis=https://infektiopedia.de/wiki/Datei:DGI:1622797913033.png]]
*<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%">akutes Nierenversagen oder eine chronische Dialyse</span>
|
 
*OP bei Aufnahme auf Intensiv (1 Punkt)
*Vollständige parenterale Ernährung (1 Punkt)
 
*Schwere Sepsis (2 Punkte)
Zusätzlich stellt das Vorliegen multipler, nicht als Kontamination zu wertender Kolonisierungsnachweise einen Risikofaktor für eine nachfolgende invasive Candidiasis dar und kann daher als Entscheidungshilfe für die Indikationsstellung zur empirischen antimykotischen Therapie genutzt werden. Einen Score zur annähernden Abschätzung der Indikation bietet der Candida Colonisation Index (CCI) nach Pittet et al. <ref name=":1">Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R: Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 751-8.</ref> (Abb. 3). Ein signifikanter CCI > 0,5 geht einer systemischen Infektion um 6 Tage voraus; der positive prädiktive Wert (PPW) lag bei 66%, der negative prädiktive Wert (NPW) bei 100%. Alternativ kann der Candida Score nach Leon et al. verwendet werden, wobei ein Score ≥ 3 mit dem Auftreten einer invasiven Candidiasis korreliert <ref name=":0" /> (Tabelle 6).
*Candida Kolonisation (1 Punkt)
[[Datei:DGI:1622797913033.png|mini|Abbildung 3: CCI nach Pittet et al. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\&quot;Arial\&quot;,sans-serif;\nmso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;\nmso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;}"> </span>Tabelle 6: Candida Score nach Leon et al. |zentriert|679x679px]]
 
 
{| class="wikitable MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;"
|+<span class="col-black">Tabelle 6: Candida Score nach Leon et al.</span>
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">OP bei Aufnahme auf Intensiv</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Vollständige parenterale Ernährung</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Schwere Sepsis</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">2 Punkte</span>
|- style="height:17.0ptpx;"
| style="width:218.05pt;" width="291" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">Candida Kolonisation</span>
| style="width:63.8pt;" width="85" |<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  11.0pt;line-height:115%">1 Punkt</span>
|}
|}
<references />

Latest revision as of 07:41, 4 January 2023

Die Auswahl einer adäquaten antibiotischen Therapie orientiert sich am Fokus der IAI (z.B. Cholecystitis, Sigmadivertikulitis) sowie der individuell vorliegenden Form der Peritonitis (Schritt 1). Diese gibt orientierend Aufschluss über das einzusetzende Spektrum (Schritt 2). Im Anschluss muss zusätzlich evaluiert werden, ob ein Risiko für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken besteht (Schritt 3). Darauf basierend kann schließlich ein passendes Medikament ausgewählt werden (Schritt 4). Die Indikation für eine ergänzende empirische antimykotische Therapie folgt darauf (Schritt 5).

Schritt 1:Klassifikation IAI nach Ausdehnung, Erwerb, Dauer und Schweregrad

  Bei Herdsanierung und unkomplizierter IAI ist keine Antibiotikatherapie indiziert!

Kategorie 1:

Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob

Kategorie 2:

Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken

Kategorie 3:

Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.

Mild

(Infektion)

Moderat

(Sepsis)

Schwer

(Septischer Schock)

Ambulant erworben oder IAI frühe nosokomiale IAI

(<7d nach Krankenhaus Aufnahme)

Ohne Perforation 1 1 2
Lokale Peritonitis 1 1 2
Diffuse Peritonitis 1 2 2
Späte nosokomiale IAI

(>7d nach Krankenhaus Aufnahme)

Ohne Perforation 2 2 2
Lokale Peritonitis 2 2 3
Diffuse Peritonitis 2 3 3

1) Basisspektrum: gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob 2) Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken 3) Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.

Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie

Schritt 2: Orientierendes Therapiespektrum anhand des wahrscheinlichen Erregerspektrum
Kategorie Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob Nosokomial gram-negativ Enterokokken Candida spp.
1 + - - -
2 + + + -
3 + + + +

Farbe markiert primär zu empfehlendes Antibiotikum in Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie

Schritt 3: Risikofaktoren für die Beteiligung von MRE und/oder Enterokokken prüfen
MRE Enterokokken
  • <bs:checklist value="1" type="check" checked="false" /> Postoperative Peritonitis
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Tertiäre Peritonitis
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Antibiotikavortherapie in den vorhergehenden 8 Wochen
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Verlegung aus Land/Region mit hoher MRE Prävalenz
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Häufige und kürzlich stattgehabte Auslandsreisen in Länder mit hoher MRE-Prävalenz
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Bekannte MRE Kolonisierung des Magen-Darm-Traktes
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Immunsuppression
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Hospitalisierung >7 Tage bei Diagnose
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Septischer Schock bei antibiotischer Vortherapie
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Immunsuppression
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Patient:innen mit Klappenprothesen
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Patient:innen mit Rezidiv-Eingriffen und Sepsis


Schritt 4: Auswahl antibiotische Therapie


Klinische Situation Präferenz Substanz Dosierung Dauer Anpassungen Kommentar
Kategorie 1:

Basisspektrum; gram-positiv/–negativ, anaerob

Therapie der Wahl
Cefotaxim  (3a)
3*2g

+Metronidazol##

siehe Abschnitt Dauer der Therapie - -
Therapie der Wahl
Ceftriaxon (3a) 1*2g

+Metronidazol##

- -
Bei Penecillin Allergie Ciprofloxacin** 3*400mg + Metronidazol - CAVE: Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit
Kategorie 2:

Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 1: nosokomial gram-negativ + Enterokokken

Therapie der Wahl Piperacillin / Tazobactam 3*4,5g - -
Bei Penicillin Allergie Ciprofloxacin** 3*400mg + Metronidazol - CAVE: Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit
Kategorie 3:

Zusätzlich zu Kategorie 2: Candida spp.

Therapie der Wahl Imipenem 3*1g - -
Therapie der Wahl Meropenem 3*2g -
Therapie der Wahl Vancomycin Kombinationstherapie für bis zu 3d 1.d 2*15mg/kg nach 3d TDM (15-20mg/l) 2*0,5-1g -
Ausführliche Übersicht Auswahl Antibiotische Therapie
Klasse Präparat Erreger Kategorie (gemäß Schritt 2)
Enterobacteriaceae  WT Pseudomonas aeruginosa WT Entero-bakterien ESBL Entero-kokken  WT Strepto-kokken WT Staphylo-kokken WT MRSA VRE Anaerobier Kategorie 1: Substanz i.v. Gabe Kategorie 2: Substanz i.v. Gabe Kategorie: 3: Substanz i.v. Gabe
Penicilline Amoxicillin / Clavulansäure 3*2,2-4,4g
Ampicillin / Sulbactam 3*2/1g
Piperacillin / Tazobactam 3*4,5g 3*4,5g 4*4,5g
Cephalosporine Cefazolin (1)
Cefuroxim (2) 3*1,5g

+ Metronidazol

Ceftriaxon (3a) 1*2g

+Metronidazol##

1*2g

+Metronidazol

Cefotaxim  (3a) 3*2g

+Metronidazol##

3*2g

+Metronidazol

Ceftazidim (3b)
Cefepim (4) 3*2g

+Metronidazol

3*2g

+Metronidazol

Ceftarolin#
Nitroimidazol Metronidazol In Kombination 3*0,5g
Carbapeneme Imipenem 3*1g
Meropenem 3*2g
Chinolone Ciprofloxacin** Bei Penicillin Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol Bei Penicillin Allergie 3*400mg + Metronidazol
Levofloxacin** 2*500mg +Metronidazol 2*500mg +Metronidazol
Moxifloxacin** 1*400mg 1*400mg
Glykopeptid Vancomycin Kombinationstherapie

für bis zu 3d

1.d 2*15mg/kg, danach nach TDM (15-20mg/l)

 2*0,5-1g

Teicoplanin Kombinationstherapie

für bis zu 3d

1.d 2*6-12mg/kg, danach 1*6-12mg/kg, TDM

Glycylcyclin Tigecyclin Kombinationstherapie,1.d 1*100mg, danach 2*50mg
Oxazolidinon Linezolid ‘‘ 2*600mg Bei VRE/MRSA 2*600mg
Zyklisches Lipopeptid Daptomycin‘‘ 1*8-10mg/kg
Epoxid Fosfomycin Keine first line Therapie, wenn nur in Kombination (Resistenzen) 3*4-8g
Monobactam Aztreonam 3*2g

+Metronidazol

3*2g

+Metronidazol

gute Wirksamkeit zu erwarten
Wirksamkeit nicht sicher vorhersagbar
keine Wirksamkeit zu erwarten

‘‘ Daptomycin, Linezolid sind nicht für komplizierte Intraabdominelle Infektionen zugelassen

##: Beide Präparate können in Kombination mit Metronidazol, je nach Hausstandard gleichwertig verwendet werden

**Rote Hand Brief, nur nach kritischer Prüfung der Notwendigkeit

Eine nicht perforierte, nicht phlegmonöse Appendizitis benötigt keine postoperative Antibiose

Schritt 5: Indikation empirische antimykotische Therapie

Zusätzlich zur empirischen antibiotischen Therapie wird eine empirische antimykotische Therapie insbesondere für die Kategorie 1 und 2 (Schritt 1 und 2) nicht empfohlen. Auf Basis der bisher erhobenen Evidenz konnte auch für die Kategorie 3 kein Überlebensvorteil für den empirischen Einsatz einer antimykotischen Therapie gezeigt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die empirische Gabe eines Antimykotikums auch bei Risikopatient:in (schwere postoperative- oder tertiäre Peritonitis) kontrovers diskutiert. In Einzelfällen kann ein entsprechender Einsatz sinnvoll sein, wenn ein schweres Krankheitsbild (septischer Schock) sowie zusätzlich multiple Nachweise einer Kolonisierung mit Candida spp. vorliegen. Dabei ist kritisch zu prüfen, wie der Erregernachweis erfolgt ist. Abstriche insbesondere aus Drainagen bieten keine sinnvolle Grundlage für eine Beurteilung, da es sich häufig um eine Besiedlung des Ablaufsystems handelt. Für die empirische antimykotische Therapie sollte in der Regel ein Echinocandin verwendet werden [1]. Die folgenden Informationen können als Entscheidungshilfe in Grenzfällen genutzt werden.

Folgende Kriterien gelten als Risikofaktoren für eine invasive Candidiasis[2]:

  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Lang andauernder Einsatz von Breitspektrumantibiotika
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Systemische Gabe von Glukokortikoiden
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Zentralvenöser Katheter
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Parenterale Ernährung
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Kolonisation von mehr als einer Schleimhautregion mit Candida spp.
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Komplizierte abdominalchirurgische Eingriffe (in der Regel nach Hohlorganperforation)
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Protrahierte Granulozytopenie
  • <bs:checklist type="check" checked="false" /> Akutes Nierenversagen oder eine chronische Dialyse


Zusätzlich stellt das Vorliegen multipler, nicht als Kontamination zu wertender Kolonisierungsnachweise einen Risikofaktor für eine nachfolgende invasive Candidiasis dar und kann daher als Entscheidungshilfe für die Indikationsstellung zur empirischen antimykotischen Therapie genutzt werden. Einen Score zur annähernden Abschätzung der Indikation bietet der Candida Colonisation Index (CCI) nach Pittet et al. [3]

Ein signifikanter CCI > 0,5 geht einer systemischen Infektion um 6 Tage voraus; der positive prädiktive Wert (PPW) lag bei 66%, der negative prädiktive Wert (NPW) bei 100%. Alternativ kann der Candida Score nach Leon et al. verwendet werden, wobei ein Score ≥ 3 mit dem Auftreten einer invasiven Candidiasis korreliert [4].

Candida Scores
Candida Colonisation Index (CCI)

nach Pittet et al.

Candida Score nach Leon et al.
verweis=https://infektiopedia.de/wiki/Datei:DGI:1622797913033.png
  • OP bei Aufnahme auf Intensiv (1 Punkt)
  • Vollständige parenterale Ernährung (1 Punkt)
  • Schwere Sepsis (2 Punkte)
  • Candida Kolonisation (1 Punkt)
  1. Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18 Suppl 7:19-37. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12039
  2. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(3):730-737. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D
  3. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg. 1994;220(6):751-758. doi:10.1097/00000658-199412000-00008
  4. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(3):730-737. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D