Erkrankung:Antibiotikatherapie bei Sepsis: Difference between revisions

From Infektiopedia
imported>Bestem
No edit summary
imported>WikiSysop
No edit summary
 
(21 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{#mermaid:sequenceDiagram
participant Alice
participant Bob
  Alice->John: Hello John, how are you?
  loop Healthcheck
        John->John: Fight against hypochondria
  end
  Note right of John: Rational thoughts <br/>prevail...
    John-->Alice: Great!
    John->Bob: How about you?
    Bob-->John: Jolly good!
}}
{{#mermaid: graph TD;
A[Dokumentierte oder suspekte Infektion]-->B{"qSOFA>2"}
C(Reevaluation)-->B
}}


==Klinisches Bild*==
==Klinisches Bild*==
Line 30: Line 10:
Sepsis stellt das pathophysiologische Korrelat der schwersten Verlaufsform im Prinzip aller Infektionen dar. Am häufigsten sind Pneumonien, abdominelle Infektionen oder Harnwegsinfektionen Ursache der Sepsis. Dabei ist wichtig zu bemerken, dass das frühe Erkennen und das Aufhalten der Kaskade die Prognose deutlich verbessert. Vorherrschend ist das Organversagen, welches beim septischen Schock auch mit einem protrahierten Kreislaufversagen vergesellschaftet ist.
Sepsis stellt das pathophysiologische Korrelat der schwersten Verlaufsform im Prinzip aller Infektionen dar. Am häufigsten sind Pneumonien, abdominelle Infektionen oder Harnwegsinfektionen Ursache der Sepsis. Dabei ist wichtig zu bemerken, dass das frühe Erkennen und das Aufhalten der Kaskade die Prognose deutlich verbessert. Vorherrschend ist das Organversagen, welches beim septischen Schock auch mit einem protrahierten Kreislaufversagen vergesellschaftet ist.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Definition Sepsis-3
|Definition Sepsis-3
|-
|-
Line 55: Line 34:


<br />
<br />
{| width="808" style="border-collapse:" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{| style="border-collapse:" width="808" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"
| colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" width="382" height="21" class="xl78" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:287pt;&quot;}" |'''SOFA-Score''' (Sequential Organ Failure  Assessment)
| colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl78" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:287pt;&quot;}" width="382" height="21" |'''SOFA-Score''' (Sequential Organ Failure  Assessment)
|- style="height:15.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.75ptpx;&quot;}" height="21"
|- style="height:15.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.75ptpx;&quot;}" height="21"
| colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="21" class="xl75" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;&quot;}" |'''Beim  Vorliegen von<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-spacerun:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;}">  </span>mind. 2 Kriterien ist  eine Sepsis wahrscheinlich!'''
| colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl75" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;&quot;}" height="21" |'''Beim  Vorliegen von<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-spacerun:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;}">  </span>mind. 2 Kriterien ist  eine Sepsis wahrscheinlich!'''
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl68" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" |'''Organsystem'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl68" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Organsystem'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" |'''Paramater'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" |'''Paramater'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" align="right" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" |'''1'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" align="right" |'''1'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" align="right" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-right-style:init;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" |'''2'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-right-style:init;border-top-style:init;&quot;}" align="right" |'''2'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" align="right" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-style:init;border-right-style:init;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:init;&quot;}" |'''3'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl67" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-style:init;border-right-style:init;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:init;&quot;}" align="right" |'''3'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" align="right" class="xl69" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;&quot;}" |'''4'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl69" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;&quot;}" align="right" |'''4'''
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" |'''Atmung'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Atmung'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" |PaO2/FiO2
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" |PaO2/FiO2
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" |< 400 mm Hg
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;&quot;}" |< 400 mm Hg
Line 74: Line 53:
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-top-style:solid;&quot;}" |< 100 mm Hg,  maschinelle Beatmung
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-top-style:solid;&quot;}" |< 100 mm Hg,  maschinelle Beatmung
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |'''Nervensysten'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Nervensysten'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |GlasgowComa  Scale(GCS)
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |GlasgowComa  Scale(GCS)
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |13-14
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |13-14
Line 81: Line 60:
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |< 6
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |< 6
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |'''Herz-Kreislauf-System'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Herz-Kreislauf-System'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Katecholamine  (µg/kg/min)
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Katecholamine  (µg/kg/min)
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |MAP < 70 mm Hg
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |MAP < 70 mm Hg
Line 90: Line 69:
oder Dopamin > 15 oder Adrenalin > 0,1
oder Dopamin > 15 oder Adrenalin > 0,1
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |'''Leber'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Leber'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Bilirubin
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Bilirubin
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |1,2 - 1,9 mg/dl  μmol/l]
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |1,2 - 1,9 mg/dl  μmol/l]
Line 99: Line 78:
μmol/l]
μmol/l]
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
|- style="height:15.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.0ptpx;&quot;}" height="20"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="20" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |'''Gerinnung'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl70" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" height="20" |'''Gerinnung'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Thrombozyten
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl65" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Thrombozyten
(Gpt /l)
(Gpt /l)
Line 107: Line 86:
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |< 20
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" class="xl71" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |< 20
|- style="height:15.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.75ptpx;&quot;}" height="21"
|- style="height:15.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:15.75ptpx;&quot;}" height="21"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" height="21" class="xl72" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |'''Niere'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl72" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" height="21" |'''Niere'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl73" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Kreatinin
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl73" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |Kreatinin
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl73" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |1,2–1,9 mg/dl [110–17  0 μmol/l]
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:45px;" class="xl73" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" |1,2–1,9 mg/dl [110–17  0 μmol/l]
Line 120: Line 99:


===Sepsisdiagnose der Intensivstation: qSOFA===
===Sepsisdiagnose der Intensivstation: qSOFA===
Als vereinfachtes Screening-Instrument außerhalb von INentisvstationen kann der qSOFA genutzt werden, er gilt als positiv wenn mind. 2 Kriterien zutreffen.
Als vereinfachtes Screening-Instrument außerhalb von Intensivstationen kann der qSOFA genutzt werden, er gilt als positiv wenn mind. 2 Kriterien zutreffen.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+
!'''qSOFA''' (quickSOFA)
!'''qSOFA''' (quickSOFA)
|-
|-
Line 135: Line 113:


===Flussschema===
===Flussschema===
'''<span style="color: #880000">graph</span>''' <span style="color: black">TD</span>
{{#mermaid: graph TD;
 
A[Dokumentierte oder suspekte Infektion]-->B{"qSOFA≥2"}
<span style="color: black">A</span><span style="color: #AA8500">[Dokumentierte oder suspekte Infektion]</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">B'''{'''</span><span style="color: #AA8500">"qSOFA≥2"</span>'''<span style="color: black">}</span>'''
C(Reevaluation)-->B
 
B-->|ja|D(Organdysfunktion?)
<span style="color: black">C</span><span style="color: #AA8500">(Reevaluation)</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">B</span>
B-->|nein|E(weiterhin V.a. Sepsis)
 
E-->|ja|C
<span style="color: black">B</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|ja|D</span><span style="color: #AA8500">(Organdysfunktion?)</span>
D-->|ja|F[SOFA Score >2]
 
F-->|ja|G[Sepsis]
<span style="color: black">B</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|nein|E</span><span style="color: #AA8500">(weiterhin V.a. Sepsis)</span>
F-->|nein|E
 
G-->H(Trotz adäquater Flüssigkeitsgabe: <br/> 1. Vasopressor notwendig <br/> um MAD>65mmHG <br/> und <br/> 2. Laktat>2mmol/L)
<span style="color: black">E</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|ja|C</span>
H-->|nein|G
 
H-->|ja|T[septischer Schock]
<span style="color: black">D</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|ja|F</span><span style="color: #AA8500">[SOFA Score >2 ]</span>
J["qSOFA: <br/> 1. Atemfrequenz >22/min <br/> 2. Eingeschränkter <br/> mentaler Status (GC5<15) <br/> 3. Systolischer RR ≤ 100mmHG"]
 
style T fill:#f33
<span style="color: black">F</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|ja|G</span><span style="color: #AA8500">[Sepsis]</span>
style G fill:#f70
 
}}
<span style="color: black">F</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|nein|E</span>
 
<span style="color: black">G</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">H</span><span style="color: #AA8500">(Trotz adäquater Flüssigkeitsgabe: <nowiki><br/></nowiki> 1. Vasopressor notwendig<nowiki><br/></nowiki> um MAD>65mmHG <nowiki><br/></nowiki> und <nowiki><br/></nowiki> 2. Laktat>2mmol/L)</span>
 
<span style="color: black">H</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|nein|G</span>
 
<span style="color: black">H</span>'''<span style="color: #008800">--></span>'''<span style="color: black">|ja|I</span><span style="color: #AA8500">[septischer Schock]</span> <span style="color: black"> </span>
 
<span style="color: black">J</span><span style="color: #AA8500">["qSOFA: <nowiki><br/></nowiki> 1. Atemfrequenz >22/min <nowiki><br/></nowiki> 2. Eingeschränkter <nowiki><br/></nowiki> mentaler Status (GCS<15)</span> <span style="color: black"><nowiki><br/></nowiki>3. Systolischer RR ≤ 100mmHG"]</span>


<span style="color: black">style I fill:#f33</span>
<span style="color: black">style G fill:#f70      </span>
<br />
===Diagnostische Schritte===
===Diagnostische Schritte===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
!Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
|-
|-
Line 192: Line 156:
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Zusätzliche Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
!Zusätzliche Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
|-
|-
Line 237: Line 200:


==Erreger*==
==Erreger*==
Die Erreger der Sepsis sind vor allem abhängig vom Fokus, die häufigsten Erreger des jeweiligen Fokus sind auf den entsprechenden Seiten zu finden.
Die Erreger der Sepsis sind vor allem abhängig vom Fokus, die häufigsten Erreger des jeweiligen Fokus sind auf den entsprechenden Seiten zu finden.Typische bakteriellen Erreger der Sepsis sind nachfolgend angegeben, wobei regionale Unterschiede sowie die Reiseanamnese relevante Faktoren sind:
Typische bakteriellen Erreger der Sepsis sind nachfolgend angegeben, wobei regionale Unterschiede sowie die Reiseanamnese relevante Faktoren sind:


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">    </span></span>Streptococcus<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>pneumoniae
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">    </span></span>Streptococcus<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>pneumoniae
Line 254: Line 216:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">    </span></span>Neisseria<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>meningitidis   
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">    </span></span>Neisseria<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>meningitidis   
   
   
{| class="TableNormal" style="margin-left:" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{| class="TableNormal" style="margin-left:" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Fokus'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Fokus'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |'''häufige Erreger'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |'''häufige Erreger'''
|- style="height:47.1ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:47.1ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:47.1ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:47.1ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Unbekannt - ambulant erworben'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Unbekannt - ambulant erworben'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''S. aureus, Streptokokken, E.  coli, Enterokokken, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp.''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''S. aureus, Streptokokken, E.  coli, Enterokokken, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp.''
|- style="height:87.2ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:87.2ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:87.2ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:87.2ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Unbekannt - nosokomial erworben'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Unbekannt - nosokomial erworben'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''S.  aureus, E. coli,''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''S.  aureus, E. coli,''


''andere Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
''andere Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
|- style="height:62.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:62.75ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:62.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:62.75ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Atemwege - ambulant erworben'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Atemwege - ambulant erworben'''


sCAP
sCAP
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''Pneumokokken,''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''Pneumokokken,''


''H.  influenzae,''
''H.  influenzae,''


''S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas  aeruginosa''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>
''S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas  aeruginosa''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup><ref group="mehr">Das ist ein einfacher Test</ref><ref name=":0">3) Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine '''prolongierte''' Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach einer initialen Standardosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls '''nach''' einer initalen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.
->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Piperacillin/Tazobactam: 32-64 mg/l
->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Meropenem: 8-16 mg/l</ref>
|- style="height:80.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:80.75ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:80.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:80.75ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Atemwege - nosokomial erworben'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Atemwege - nosokomial erworben'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''S.  aureus, E. coli,''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''S.  aureus, E. coli,''


''andere Enterobacteriaceae,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>'', Anaerobier''
''andere Enterobacteriaceae,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup><ref name=":0" />'', Anaerobier''
|- style="height:47.05ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:47.05ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:47.05ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:47.05ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Harnwege'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Harnwege'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterokokken,  Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylokokken''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterokokken,  Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylokokken''
|- style="height:46.95ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:46.95ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:46.95ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:46.95ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Abdominelle Infektionen,  gynäkologische Organe'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Abdominelle Infektionen,  gynäkologische Organe'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''E. coli/ andere  Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken, Anaerobier. Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''E. coli/ andere  Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken, Anaerobier. Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
|- style="height:78.45ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:78.45ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:78.45ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:78.45ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:184.25pt;" width="246" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" |'''Haut-  /Weichgewebe'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:184.25pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:184.25pt;&quot;}" width="246" valign="top" |'''Haut-  /Weichgewebe'''


'''nekrotisierende Fasziitis Fourniersche Gangrän'''
'''nekrotisierende Fasziitis Fourniersche Gangrän'''
| style="width:269.3pt;" width="359" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" |''A-Streptokokken,  S. aureus''
| style="width:269.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:269.3pt;&quot;}" width="359" valign="top" |''A-Streptokokken,  S. aureus''


''Mischinfektionen (zusätzlich mit  Non-A-Streptokokken, Anaerobier, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)''
''Mischinfektionen (zusätzlich mit  Non-A-Streptokokken, Anaerobier, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)''
Line 296: Line 260:


Jedoch kann eine Sepsis auch durch saisonale Influenza/Grippe-Viren, Dengue-Viren und andere Erreger, wie Vogel- und Schweinegrippeviren, Coronaviren und in jüngster Zeit Ebola- und Gelbfieber-Viren bedingt sein.
Jedoch kann eine Sepsis auch durch saisonale Influenza/Grippe-Viren, Dengue-Viren und andere Erreger, wie Vogel- und Schweinegrippeviren, Coronaviren und in jüngster Zeit Ebola- und Gelbfieber-Viren bedingt sein.
Kommentare
<references group="mehr" />
==Therapie==
==Therapie==


Line 305: Line 273:


===Adaptierte "Bundles" der Surviving Sepsis Campaign für Sepsis und septischen Schock===
===Adaptierte "Bundles" der Surviving Sepsis Campaign für Sepsis und septischen Schock===
Unter der Zielsetzung, die Letalität der schweren Sepsis um 25% zu reduzieren, hat die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) mehrfach sogenannte "Bundles" entwickelt. Darunter versteht man Gruppen von evidenzbasierten Interventionen, deren gemeinsame Anwendung das Outcome stärker verbessert, als die Anwendung der einzelnen Interventionen alleine.
Unter der Zielsetzung, die Letalität der schweren Sepsis um 25% zu reduzieren, hat die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) mehrfach sogenannte "Bundles" entwickelt. Darunter versteht man Gruppen von evidenzbasierten Interventionen, deren gemeinsame Anwendung das Outcome stärker verbessert, als die Anwendung der einzelnen Interventionen alleine. Das "Hour-1-Bundle" beinhaltet Ziele, die möglichst innerhalb der ersten Stunde nach Diagnose Sepsis erreicht sein sollten. Dabei wurde zuletzt das 3-Stunden-Bundle und das 6-Stunden- Bundle der ''Surviving Sepsis Campaign'' zu einem Maßnahmenpaket zusammengefasst.
Das "Hour-1-Bundle" beinhaltet Ziele, die möglichst innerhalb der ersten Stunde nach Diagnose Sepsis erreicht sein sollten. Dabei wurde zuletzt das 3-Stunden-Bundle und das 6-Stunden- Bundle der ''Surviving Sepsis Campaign'' zu einem Maßnahmenpaket zusammengefasst.


====Zusammenfassung "1-Stunden-Bündel"====
====Zusammenfassung "1-Stunden-Bündel"====
Line 319: Line 286:
Die Behandlung von Patienten mit Sepsis orientiert sich primär an den Empfehlungen bei den entsprechenden Erkrankungsbildern. Dennoch bestehen bei der Sepsis einige Besonderheiten, die nachfolgend aufgeführt sind. Die Studienlage zeigt jedoch klar, dass Patienten mit septischem Schock oder kritisch kranke Patienten im Sinne des 1-Stunden-Bündel aggressiver behandelt werden sollten.
Die Behandlung von Patienten mit Sepsis orientiert sich primär an den Empfehlungen bei den entsprechenden Erkrankungsbildern. Dennoch bestehen bei der Sepsis einige Besonderheiten, die nachfolgend aufgeführt sind. Die Studienlage zeigt jedoch klar, dass Patienten mit septischem Schock oder kritisch kranke Patienten im Sinne des 1-Stunden-Bündel aggressiver behandelt werden sollten.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+
!
!
|-
|-
Line 367: Line 333:
===Kalkulierte Initialtherapie bei unbekanntem Erreger===
===Kalkulierte Initialtherapie bei unbekanntem Erreger===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+
! style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Fokus'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Fokus'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''häufige Erreger'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''häufige Erreger'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Beispiel'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Beispiel'''
Line 386: Line 351:
'''ggf. noch MRSA Risiko'''
'''ggf. noch MRSA Risiko'''
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Unbekannt'''  
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Unbekannt'''  
'''-'''
'''-'''


Line 406: Line 371:
*bei MRSA Risiko: Vancomycin oder  Linezolid
*bei MRSA Risiko: Vancomycin oder  Linezolid
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Unbekannt'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Unbekannt'''
'''-'''
'''-'''


Line 436: Line 401:
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Atemwege'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Atemwege'''
'''-'''
'''-'''


Line 451: Line 416:
''Enterobacteriaceae,''
''Enterobacteriaceae,''


''Pseudomonas aeruginosa<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>''
''Pseudomonas aeruginosa<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>''<ref name=":0" />
| - Piperacillin/ Tazobactam
| - Piperacillin/ Tazobactam
- Ceftriaxon
- Ceftriaxon
Line 491: Line 456:


|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Atemwege'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Atemwege'''
'''-'''
'''-'''


Line 500: Line 465:
''andere Enterobacteriaceae,''
''andere Enterobacteriaceae,''


''Pseudomonas aeruginosa<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>,''
''Pseudomonas aeruginosa<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>''<ref name=":0" />'',''


''Anaerobier''
''Anaerobier''
|Piperacillin/ Tazobactam (+ Ciprofloxacin<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>
|Piperacillin/ Tazobactam (+ Ciprofloxacin<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup><ref name=":0" />




Line 511: Line 476:
Meropenem
Meropenem


(+Ciprofloxacin<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>
(+Ciprofloxacin<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup><ref name=":0" />


+ Vancomycin
+ Vancomycin
Line 539: Line 504:
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Harnwege'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Harnwege'''
|''E. coli, Proteus mirabilis,''
|''E. coli, Proteus mirabilis,''
''Enterokokken,''
''Enterokokken,''
Line 559: Line 524:
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
Vancomycin oder Linezolid
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Abdominelle'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Abdominelle'''
'''Infektionen,'''
'''Infektionen,'''


Line 579: Line 544:
|Meropenem + Vancomycin
|Meropenem + Vancomycin
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Haut-/Weich-'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Haut-/Weich-'''
'''gewebe'''
'''gewebe'''
|''A- Streptokokken, S. aureus''
|''A- Streptokokken, S. aureus''
Line 585: Line 550:
|Rufbereitschaft Mikrobiologie bei z.B. V.a. Gasbrand!
|Rufbereitschaft Mikrobiologie bei z.B. V.a. Gasbrand!
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''nekrotisirende'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''nekrotisirende'''
'''Fasziitis'''
'''Fasziitis'''


Line 610: Line 575:
Ceftriaxon oder Erythromycin)
Ceftriaxon oder Erythromycin)
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" |'''Gefäßkatheter'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''Gefäßkatheter'''
'''(ZVK, Port,'''
'''(ZVK, Port,'''


Line 646: Line 611:




{{#mermaid: graph TD
A(OP für komplizierte <br/> intraabdominelle Infektion <br/> -> sekundäre Peritonitis oder <br/> Abzess)-->B(Anastomaseninsuffizienzen/ <br/> Chirurgisch nicht beherrschte <br/> Peritonitis)
A-->C(Peritonitis wegen <br/> Perforation > 12 h o GI-Trakt <br/> Perforation > 24 h u GI-Trakt)
B-->|ja|D(Kalkulierte antifungale Therapie mit Echinocandin infiziert)
C-->|ja|E(Candida in Kultur oder <br/> Direktpräparat/Biopsie oder)
E-->|ja|F(Schwere Sepsis <br/> oder Schock)
E-->|ja|G(Keine schwere <br/> Sepsis oder Schock)
F-->|ja|D
G-->|ja|H(Immunkompromittierte <br/> Patienten)
H-->|ja|D
C-->I(nein)
E-->J(nein)
H-->K(nein)
I-->J
J-->K
K-->L(Invasive Pilzinfektion <br/> eher unwahrscheinlich, <br/> keine kalkulierte <br/> antifungale Therapie)
}}


'''HIER KOMMT NOCH EIN SCHEMA HIN'''


nach ESCMID/IDSA/de Waele


===Spezielle Entitäten: MRE - Kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie - multiresistente Erreger (MRE) bekannt oder wahrscheinlich<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1)</span></sup>===
<br />
===Spezielle Entitäten: MRE - Kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie - multiresistente Erreger (MRE) bekannt oder wahrscheinlich<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1)</span></sup><ref>1) Risiko für MRE:


 
#schwere strukturelle chronische Lungenerkrankungen (schwere COPD, Bronchiektasen, Mukoviszidose) mit Antibiotikavortherapie oder vorausgegangener Hospitalisierung jeweils in den letzten drei Monaten
{| class="TableNormal" style="margin-left:" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
#bekannte Kolonisation (P. aeruginosa, MRSA, MRGN)
| style="width:102.9pt;" width="137" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" |'''Erreger'''
#PatientInnen aus Langzeitpflegebereichen, chronische Dialyse, Tracheostomaversorgte, offene Wunden
| style="width:106.85pt;" width="142" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" |'''Therapieerweiterung empfohlen mit'''
#vorhergehende Hospitalisation
| style="width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |'''Dosierung<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2)</span></sup>'''
#vorhergehende antibiotische Therapie (in Abhängigkeit von Spektrum, Dauer und Dosierung)</ref>===
| style="width:145.6pt;" width="194" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" |'''Bemerkung<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>'''
<br />
{| class="TableNormal" style="margin-left:" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:102.9pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" width="137" valign="top" |'''Erreger'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:106.85pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" width="142" valign="top" |'''Therapieerweiterung empfohlen mit'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:112.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" width="150" valign="top" |'''Dosierung<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2)</span></sup>'''<ref name=":1">2) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR > 50 ml/min)<br /></ref>
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:145.6pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" width="194" valign="top" |'''Bemerkung<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3)</span></sup>'''<ref name=":0" />
|-
|-
|'''MRSA'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''MRSA'''
| + Vancomycin oder
| + Vancomycin oder
+ Linezolid
+ Linezolid
|(2 x 1 g/d)<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">4)</span></sup>
|(2 x 1 g/d)<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">4)</span></sup><ref>4) IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen! TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden): -> Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l<br /></ref>
2 x 600 mg/d
2 x 600 mg/d
|nach Initialbolus weiter mit Vancomycin 30 mg/kg
|nach Initialbolus weiter mit Vancomycin 30 mg/kg
KG/24 h<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">5)</span></sup>
KG/24 h<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">5)</span></sup><ref>5) Initialbolus Vancomycin: 15 mg/kgKG
 
->Tdm Vancomycin kontinuerliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l</ref>


als kontinuierliche Infusion  
als kontinuierliche Infusion  
Line 671: Line 661:
bei pulmonalen Fokus
bei pulmonalen Fokus
|-
|-
|'''VRE'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''VRE'''
| + Linezolid
| + Linezolid
|2 x 600 mg/d
|2 x 600 mg/d
|
|
|- style="height:43.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:43.75ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:43.75ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:43.75ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:102.9pt;" width="137" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" |'''Enterobakterien (ESBL, 3MRGN)'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:102.9pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" width="137" valign="top" |'''Enterobakterien (ESBL, 3MRGN)'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup>
| style="width:106.85pt;" width="142" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" |Meropenem
| style="width:106.85pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" width="142" valign="top" |Meropenem
| style="width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |3 x 2 g/d
| style="width:112.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" width="150" valign="top" |3 x 2 g/d
| style="width:145.6pt;" width="194" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" |nach Initialbolus weiter  mit Meropenem
| style="width:145.6pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" width="194" valign="top" |nach Initialbolus weiter  mit Meropenem


6 g/24h als  kontinuierliche Infusion
6 g/24h als  kontinuierliche Infusion
|- style="height:65.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:65.0ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:65.0ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:65.0ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:102.9pt;" width="137" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" |'''Enterobakterien  4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup>oder '''Acinetobacter spp. 4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:102.9pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" width="137" valign="top" |'''Enterobakterien  4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup> oder '''Acinetobacter spp. 4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">8)</span></sup>
| style="width:106.85pt;" width="142" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" | + Colistin
| style="width:106.85pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" width="142" valign="top" | + Colistin


+ Tigecyclin
+ Tigecyclin
| style="width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |1. Dosis 9 Mio
| style="width:112.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" width="150" valign="top" |1. Dosis 9 Mio


IE dann 2x 4,5 <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">Mio </span>IE/d6)
IE dann 2x 4,5 <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">Mio </span>IE/d<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: \&quot;Open Sans\&quot;,\&quot;Roboto\&quot;,\&quot;arial\&quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">6)</span></sup><ref name=":2">6) Die optimale Dosierung von Colistin wird kontrover diskutiert, aktuelle Empfehlungen sollten beachtet werden (<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/phar.2209)</span><br /></ref>


1.  Dosis 100 mg, weiter mit 2 x<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.5pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.5pt&quot;}"> </span>50  mg/d
1.  Dosis 100 mg, weiter mit 2 x<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.5pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.5pt&quot;}"> </span>50  mg/d
| style="width:145.6pt;" width="194" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" |nur nach<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.85pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.85pt&quot;}"> </span>individuellem Antibiogramm
| style="width:145.6pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" width="194" valign="top" |nur nach<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.85pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.85pt&quot;}"> </span>individuellem Antibiogramm


Bei Auftreten<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.95pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.95pt&quot;}"> </span>Rücksprache mit ABS-Team und/oder  Mikrobiologen
Bei Auftreten<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.95pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.95pt&quot;}"> </span>Rücksprache mit ABS-Team und/oder  Mikrobiologen
|- style="height:32.1ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:32.1ptpx;&quot;}"
|- style="height:32.1ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:32.1ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="width:102.9pt;" width="137" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" |'''Pseudomonas  aerug.'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:102.9pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:102.9pt;&quot;}" width="137" valign="top" |'''Pseudomonas  aerug.'''




'''3+4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">7)</span></sup>
'''3+4MRGN'''<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">7)</span></sup><ref>7) Piperacillin/Tazobactam bei MRGN: ggf. wirksam bei Urosepsis, bei MHK < 4 mg/l (v.a. intraabdominelle Infektionen)<br /></ref>
| style="width:106.85pt;" width="142" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" | + Colistin
| style="width:106.85pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:106.85pt;&quot;}" width="142" valign="top" | + Colistin


+ Meropenem
+ Meropenem
| style="width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |1. Dosis 9 Mio
| style="width:112.3pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" width="150" valign="top" |1. Dosis 9 Mio


IE dann 2x 4,5  Mio IE/d<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">6)</span></sup>
IE dann 2x 4,5  Mio IE/d<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">6)</span></sup><ref name=":2" />
| style="width:145.6pt;" width="194" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" |
| style="width:145.6pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:145.6pt;&quot;}" width="194" valign="top" |
|}<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: \&quot;Open Sans\&quot;,\&quot;Roboto\&quot;,\&quot;arial\&quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1)</span></sup>Risiko für MRE:
|}<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: \&quot;Open Sans\&quot;,\&quot;Roboto\&quot;,\&quot;arial\&quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1)</span></sup>Risiko für MRE:


Line 739: Line 729:
<sup><span style="color: black">7)</span></sup> Piperacillin/Tazobactam bei MRGN: ggf. wirksam bei Urosepsis, bei MHK < 4 mg/l (v.a. intraabdominelle Infektionen)
<sup><span style="color: black">7)</span></sup> Piperacillin/Tazobactam bei MRGN: ggf. wirksam bei Urosepsis, bei MHK < 4 mg/l (v.a. intraabdominelle Infektionen)


===Spezielle Entitäten: gezielte Antibiotikatherapie nach Erregernachweis<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1)</span></sup>===
===Spezielle Entitäten: gezielte Antibiotikatherapie nach Erregernachweis<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;Roboto&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 75%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 1px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1.1)</span></sup><ref><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">1.1) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR >50 ml/min)</span></ref>===
<br />


<br />
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
{| class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:none black 0cm;"
0cm none black;mso-border-insidev:0cm none black"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:87.95pt;" width="117" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Erreger</span>'''
{| class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Therapieempfehlung</span><sup><span style="color: black">2)</span></sup>'''<span style="color: black">/ Alternativen  nachgeordnet</span>
| colspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle;width:467.7pt;" width="624" valign="top" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Kombinationspartner</span>'''
|- style="height:30.0ptpx;"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Erreger</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Therapieempfehlung</span><sup><span style="color: black">2.1)</span></sup>'''<ref name=":7"><sup><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2.1)</span></sup> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine '''prolongierte''' Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4 h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.</span><br /></ref><span style="color: black">/ Alternativen  nachgeordnet</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Kombinationspartner</span>'''
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Flucloxacillin  (6 x 2g/d)</span>
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  12 g/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus, TDM!</span>
|
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus</span>'''
| style="vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus MSSA</span>'''
'''<span style="color: black">MSSA</span>'''
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Cefazolin (3 x 2 g/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Flucloxacillin (6 x 2g/d)</span>
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  12 g/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus, TDM!</span>
|<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht</span> <span style="color: black">infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!)</span>
 
<span style="color: black">oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale</span>
 
<span style="color: black">Devices/He</span><span style="color: black">rz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen,</span>
 
<span style="color: black">implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>


<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3)</span></sup>
<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3.1)</span></sup><ref name=":3"><sup><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">3.1)</span></sup> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Rifampicin: Einsatz erst, wenn definitiver chir. Therapie (z.B. Endoprothetik/ Implantatwechsel) erfolgt ist; ansonsten erst ab Tag 4 der Therapie ergänzen   (Gefahr Resistenzentwicklung aufgrund hoher Inokulumkonzentration in der Initialphase)</span><br /></ref>


<span style="color: black">oder</span>
<span style="color: black">oder</span>


<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5  g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5  g/d)</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Cefazolin  (3 x 2 g/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |
|- style="height:91.35ptpx;"
|- style="height:91.35ptpx;"
| rowspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus</span>'''
| rowspan="3" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus MRSA</span>'''  
'''<span style="color: black">MRSA</span>'''  


'''<span style="color: black">koagulase-negative  Staphylok.</span>'''
'''<span style="color: black">koagulase-negative  Staphylok.</span>'''
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1 g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4)</span></sup>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1 g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4.1)</span></sup><ref name=":4"><sup><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">4.1)</span></sup> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen!, TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden):</span> -> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l</span><br /></ref>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5)</span></sup>
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5.1)</span></sup><ref name=":5"><sup><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">5.1)</span></sup> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Initialbolus Vancomycin:      </span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>
{| class="wikitable"
|<60 kg
|1 g
|-
|60-89 kg
|1,5 g
|-
|>90 kg
|2 g
|}<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">->TDM Vancomycin kontinuierliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l</span></ref>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>


<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3)</span></sup>
<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3.1)</span></sup><ref name=":3" />


<span style="color: black">oder</span>
<span style="color: black">oder</span>
Line 782: Line 780:
<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Daptomycin  1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Daptomycin  1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">bei  Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht  entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen,  Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):</span>


<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3)</span></sup>
<span style="color: black">+ Rifampicin (2 x 450  mg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">3.1)</span></sup><ref name=":3" />


<span style="color: black">oder</span>
<span style="color: black">oder</span>
Line 792: Line 790:
<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)</span>
|- style="height:3.85ptpx;"
|- style="height:3.85ptpx;"
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Linezolid  (2 x 600 mg/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Linezolid  (2 x 600 mg/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Cave: KEINE Kombination mit  Rifampicin!</span>'''<span style="color: black">hierunter beschleunigter Abbau und somit  eventueller Wirkverlust von Linezolid möglich (Ausnahme: Verfügbarkeit von  TDM für Linezolid zur Therapiesteuerung)</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Cave: KEINE Kombination mit  Rifampicin!</span>'''<span style="color: black">hierunter beschleunigter Abbau und somit  eventueller Wirkverlust von Linezolid möglich (Ausnahme: Verfügbarkeit von  TDM für Linezolid zur Therapiesteuerung)</span>
|- style="height:9.65ptpx;"
|- style="height:9.65ptpx;"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:87.95pt;" width="117" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus-Bakteriämie</span>'''
| style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">S.aureus-Bakteriämie</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Therapie  wie oben angeführt '''über mind. 14  d''' (nach 1. neg. Folgeblutkultur) , bei komplizierter  S.aureus-Bakteriämie mind. 28 d (s. SOP S.aureus-Bakteriämie)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Therapie  wie oben angeführt '''über mind. 14  d''' (nach 1. neg. Folgeblutkultur) , bei komplizierter  S.aureus-Bakteriämie mind. 28 d (s. SOP S.aureus-Bakteriämie)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
|- style="height:9.65ptpx;"
|- style="height:9.65ptpx;"
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">A-Streptokokken</span>'''
| rowspan="2" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">A-Streptokokken</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Penicillin  G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Penicillin  G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d)</span>
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |<span style="color: black">+  Clindamycin (4 x 600 mg/d)</span>
| rowspan="2" style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">+  Clindamycin (4 x 600 mg/d)</span>
|- style="height:7.0ptpx;"
|- style="height:7.0ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Cefazolin  (3 x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Cefazolin  (3 x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie</span>
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:10"
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:10"
| colspan="5" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:467.7pt;" width="624" valign="top" |
| colspan="5" style="width:467.7pt;" width="624" valign="top" |
|- style="height:13.0ptpx;"
| style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Erreger</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Therapieempfehlung</span><sup><span style="color: black">2.1)</span></sup>'''<ref name=":7" /><span style="color: black">/ Alternativen  nachgeordnet</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Kombinationspartner</span>'''
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">Pneumokokken</span>'''
| rowspan="2" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Pneumokokken</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Penicillin  G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Penicillin  G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |
| rowspan="2" style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">+  Azithromycin (1 x 500mg/d) – für 3 Tage und</span>  
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ceftriaxon (2  x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie oder Penicillin-Resistenz</span>
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |<span style="color: black">+  Azithromycin (1 x 500mg/d) – für 3 Tage und</span>  


<span style="color: black">nur bei pulmonalen Fokus</span>
<span style="color: black">nur bei pulmonalen Fokus</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ceftriaxon (2  x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie oder Penicillin-Resistenz</span>
|- style="height:16.0ptpx;"
|- style="height:16.0ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ampicillin  (4 x 3 g/d)</span>
| rowspan="2" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |
'''<span style="color: black">Enterococcus  faecalis</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ampicillin  (4 x 3 g/d)</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">Enterococcus  faecalis</span>'''
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4.1)</span></sup> <ref name=":4" /><span style="color: black">- bei Penicillin-Allergie</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">- bei Penicillin-Allergie</span>
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5.1)</span></sup><ref name=":5" />
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5)</span></sup>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">+  ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">6.1)</span></sup><ref name=":6"><sup><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">6.1)</span></sup> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">TDM Gentamicin: Ziel-Talspiegel <2mg/l, Ziel-Spitzen-Spiegel 16-20 mg/l</span><br /></ref> <span style="color: black">-  bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">+  ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">6)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">-  bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="4" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">Enterococcus faecium</span>'''
| rowspan="3" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Enterococcus faecium</span>'''
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1 g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4)</span></sup>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Vancomycin  (2 x 1 g/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">4.1)</span></sup><ref name=":4" />
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5)</span></sup>
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus</span><sup><span style="color: black">5.1)</span></sup><ref name=":5" />
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">+  ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">6)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">-  bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">+  ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)</span><sup><span style="color: black">6.1)</span></sup><ref name=":6" /> <span style="color: black">-  bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz</span>
|- style="height:16.55ptpx;"
|- style="height:16.55ptpx;"
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Daptomycin  1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Daptomycin  1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
|- style="height:16.55ptpx;"
|- style="height:16.55ptpx;"
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:114.65pt;" width="153" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Linezolid  (2 x 600 mg/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:114.65pt;" width="153" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Linezolid  (2 x 600 mg/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:104.6pt;" width="139" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:104.6pt;" width="139" valign="top" nowrap="" |
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
|- style="height:13.4ptpx;"
|- style="height:13.4ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| rowspan="3" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |
'''<span style="color: black">E.  coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |
<span style="color: black">Ampicillin/Sulbactam (4 x 3  g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Ampicillin/Sulbactam (4 x 3  g/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |
| rowspan="3" style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">E.  coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ceftriaxon  (1 x 2 g/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ceftriaxon  (1 x 2 g/d)</span>
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
|- style="height:23.2ptpx;"
|- style="height:23.2ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ciprofloxacin  (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ciprofloxacin  (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia</span>'''
| rowspan="2" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia</span>'''
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:105.7pt;" width="141" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:105.7pt;" width="141" valign="top" nowrap="" |
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  (3 x 1-2g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  (3 x 1-2g/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>


<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6 g/24h als</span>
<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6 g/24h als</span>


<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |
| rowspan="2" style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ciprofloxacin  (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ciprofloxacin  (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |'''<span style="color: black">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>'''
| rowspan="2" style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>'''
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:105.7pt;" width="141" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Ceftazidim (3 x 2 g/d)</span>
| style="width:105.7pt;" width="141" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Ceftazidim (3 x 2 g/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>


<span style="color: black">6 g/24 h  kontinuierlich</span>
<span style="color: black">6 g/24 h  kontinuierlich</span>
| rowspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>
| rowspan="2" style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>


<span style="color: black">oder + Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g  )</span>  
<span style="color: black">oder + Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g  )</span>  
Line 871: Line 874:
<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
|- style="height:37.9ptpx;"
|- style="height:37.9ptpx;"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:105.7pt;" width="141" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:105.7pt;" width="141" valign="top" nowrap="" |
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  ( 3x 1-2g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  ( 3x 1-2g/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>


<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6  g/24h als</span>  
<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6  g/24h als</span>  
Line 879: Line 882:
<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:87.95pt;" width="117" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Acinetobacter spp.</span>'''
| style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Acinetobacter spp.</span>'''
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:105.7pt;" width="141" nowrap="" valign="top" |
| style="width:105.7pt;" width="141" valign="top" nowrap="" |
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  ( 3x 1-2g/d)</span>
<span style="color: black">Meropenem  ( 3x 1-2g/d)</span>
| colspan="2" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>
| colspan="2" style="width:113.55pt;" width="151" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf. nach Initialbolus  weiter mit</span>


<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6  g/24h als</span>  
<span style="color: black">Meropenem 6  g/24h als</span>  


<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
<span style="color: black">kontinuierliche Infusion</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>  
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)</span>  


<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
<span style="color: black">3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach  individuellem Antibiogramm</span>
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
|- style="height:20.1ptpx;"
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:87.95pt;" width="117" nowrap="" valign="top" |'''<span style="color: black">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</span>'''
| style="width:87.95pt;" width="117" valign="top" nowrap="" |'''<span style="color: black">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</span>'''
| colspan="3" style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:219.25pt;" width="292" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">Cotrimoxazol  (2-3 x 960 mg/d)</span>
| colspan="3" style="width:219.25pt;" width="292" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">Cotrimoxazol  (2-3 x 960 mg/d)</span>
| style="border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;width:160.5pt;" width="214" nowrap="" valign="top" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Levofloxacin (2 x 500 mg/d)</span>
| style="width:160.5pt;" width="214" valign="top" nowrap="" |<span style="color: black">ggf.  + Levofloxacin (2 x 500 mg/d)</span>
|}
|}
<sup><span style="color: black">1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR >50 ml/min)</span>


<sup><span style="color: black">1.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR >50 ml/min)</span>


<sup><span style="color: black">2)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine '''prolongierte''' Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4 h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.</span>  
 
<sup><span style="color: black">2.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine '''prolongierte''' Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4 h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls '''nach''' einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.</span>
<sup><span style="color: black">3.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Rifampicin: Einsatz erst, wenn definitiver chir. Therapie (z.B. Endoprothetik/ Implantatwechsel) erfolgt ist; ansonsten erst ab Tag 4 der Therapie ergänzen   (Gefahr Resistenzentwicklung aufgrund hoher Inokulumkonzentration in der Initialphase)</span>
   
   
<sup><span style="color: black">3)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Rifampicin: Einsatz erst, wenn definitiver chir. Therapie (z.B. Endoprothetik/ Implantatwechsel) erfolgt ist; ansonsten erst ab Tag 4 der Therapie ergänzen   (Gefahr Resistenzentwicklung aufgrund hoher Inokulumkonzentration in der Initialphase)</span>
   
   
<sup><span style="color: black">4.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen!, TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden):</span> -> <span style="color: black">Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l</span>


<sup><span style="color: black">4)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen!, TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden):</span> <span style="color: black">à</span><span style="color: black">Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l</span>
   
   
<sup><span style="color: black">5.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Initialbolus Vancomycin:      </span>
{| class="wikitable"
|<60 kg
|1 g
|-
|60-89 kg
|1,5 g
|-
|>90 kg
|2 g
|}
<span style="color: black">->TDM Vancomycin kontinuierliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l</span>


<sup><span style="color: black">5)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">Initialbolus Vancomycin:       <60 kg:        1 g</span>
<span style="color: black">                                                   60-69 kg:   1,5 g</span>
<span style="color: black">                                                 >90 kg:        2 g</span>
<span style="color: black">->TDM Vancomycin kontinuierliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l</span>
   
   
 
<sup><span style="color: black">6.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">TDM Gentamicin: Ziel-Talspiegel <2mg/l, Ziel-Spitzen-Spiegel 16-20 mg/l</span>
<sup><span style="color: black">6)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">TDM Gentamicin: Ziel-Talspiegel <2mg/l, Ziel-Spitzen-Spiegel 16-20 mg/l</span>
 
 
<sup><span style="color: black">7)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">bei ausgeprägter Adipositas (BMI>30) Dosiserhöhung auf 4x4,5 g bzw. 18g/24 h angeraten; Erhöhung der loading dose auf 9 g bei adipösen Patienten (BMI>30) vor Start</span><span style="color: black"> der kontinuierlichen Infusion empfehlenswert</span>




<sup><span style="color: black">7.1)</span></sup> <span style="color: black">bei ausgeprägter Adipositas (BMI>30) Dosiserhöhung auf 4x4,5 g bzw. 18g/24 h angeraten; Erhöhung der loading dose auf 9 g bei adipösen Patienten (BMI>30) vor Start</span><span style="color: black"> der kontinuierlichen Infusion empfehlenswert</span>
==Weiterführende Literatur==
==Weiterführende Literatur==
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>WHO Resolution zur Sepsis: [http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: windowtext" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: windowtext&quot;}">http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7-</span>] en.pdf?ua=1
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>WHO Resolution zur Sepsis: [http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: windowtext" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: windowtext&quot;}">http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7-</span>] en.pdf?ua=1


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>S2k Leitlinie: Kalkulierte parenterale Initialtherapie bakterieller Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen – Update 2018 (AWMF<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>082-006)
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>S2k Leitlinie: Kalkulierte parenterale Initialtherapie bakterieller Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen – Update 2018 (AWMF<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>082-006)


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>S2k LeitlinieSepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, [resources/img/favicon.ico]Therapie und Nachsorge.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: #418BCA" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: #418BCA&quot;}"> [http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/aktuelle-leitlinien/ll-liste/deutsche-sepsis-gesellschaft-ev.html https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/aktuelle-leitlinien/ll-liste/deutsche-sepsis-gesellschaft-ev.html]</span>
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>S2k LeitlinieSepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, [resources/img/favicon.ico]Therapie und Nachsorge.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: #418BCA" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: #418BCA&quot;}"> [http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/aktuelle-leitlinien/ll-liste/deutsche-sepsis-gesellschaft-ev.html https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/aktuelle-leitlinien/ll-liste/deutsche-sepsis-gesellschaft-ev.html]</span>


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Singer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Singer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>al.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>The<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Third<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>al.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>The<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Third<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Consensus<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Definitions<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>for<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Septic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA;<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>2016
-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Consensus<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Definitions<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>for<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Septic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA;<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>2016


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018. doi:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018. doi:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, et al., Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;315(8):775-87
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, et al., Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;315(8):775-87


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al., Surviving Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Campaign:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Guidelines<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>for<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Management<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>of<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Septic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Shock:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>2016. Intensive Care Med.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>2017;43(3):304-77
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al., Surviving Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Campaign:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Guidelines<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>for<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Management<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>of<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>Sepsis<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Septic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Shock:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>2016. Intensive Care Med.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>2017;43(3):304-77


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal beta-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Infect Dis.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.85pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.85pt&quot;}"> </span>2018;18(1):108-20
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal beta-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Infect Dis.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.85pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.85pt&quot;}"> </span>2018;18(1):108-20


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Martinez<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Martinez<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>ML,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Ferrer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>R,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Torrents<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>E,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Guillamat-Prats<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>R,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Goma<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>G,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Suarez<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>D,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>al.,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Impact of Source Control in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):11-9
-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>ML,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Ferrer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>R,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Torrents<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>E,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Guillamat-Prats<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>R,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Goma<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>G,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Suarez<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>D,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>al.,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>Impact of Source Control in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):11-9


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.5pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.5pt&quot;}"> </span>2235–44.
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.5pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.5pt&quot;}"> </span>2235–44.
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Pruinelli L, Westra BL, Yadav P, et al. Delay Within the 3-Hour Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline on Mortality for Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2018; published online Jan 2.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002949
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Pruinelli L, Westra BL, Yadav P, et al. Delay Within the 3-Hour Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline on Mortality for Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2018; published online Jan 2.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002949


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Bretonnière C, Leone M, Milési C, Allaouchiche B, Armand-Lefevre L, Baldesi O, et. al. Strategies to reduce curative antibiotic therapy in intensive care units (adult and paediatric). Intensive Care Med.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>2015;41(7):1181-96
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">             </span></span>Bretonnière C, Leone M, Milési C, Allaouchiche B, Armand-Lefevre L, Baldesi O, et. al. Strategies to reduce curative antibiotic therapy in intensive care units (adult and paediatric). Intensive Care Med.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}"> </span>2015;41(7):1181-96


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Bone RC et al.. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee.American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1644 - 55
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Bone RC et al.. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee.American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1644 - 55


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Singer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Singer<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>M,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>Deutschman<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>CS,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Seymour<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>CW,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>al.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>The<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Third<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>M,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>Deutschman<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>CS,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Seymour<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>CW,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>et<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>al.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>The<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Third<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>International<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30(4):536 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30(4):536 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>555.
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>555.


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM et al., Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis 1. Revision der S-2k Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG) und der Deutschen<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Interdisziplinären<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM et al., Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis 1. Revision der S-2k Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG) und der Deutschen<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Interdisziplinären<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Vereinigung<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>für<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Intensiv-<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Vereinigung<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>für<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>Intensiv-<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>und<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>Notfallmedizin<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>DIVI),<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>Anaesthesist. 2010 Apr;59(4):347 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>70.
-.45pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n-.45pt&quot;}"> </span>und<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>Notfallmedizin<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>DIVI),<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.4pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;}"> </span>Anaesthesist. 2010 Apr;59(4):347 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}"> </span>70.


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, Pérez XL, Sirvent JM; Edusepsis Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov 1;180(9):861 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.0pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.0pt&quot;}"> </span>6.
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, Pérez XL, Sirvent JM; Edusepsis Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov 1;180(9):861 -<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.0pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.0pt&quot;}"> </span>6.


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Characteristics and Determinants of Outcome of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Units: The EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Tabah, A., et al. Intensive Care Med. 2012, 38,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>1930–1945.
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">• <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">            </span></span>Characteristics and Determinants of Outcome of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Units: The EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Tabah, A., et al. Intensive Care Med. 2012, 38,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.15pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;}"> </span>1930–1945.


'''Hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose'''
'''Hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose'''


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">1. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Tothova<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Z,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Berliner<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>N.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Hemophagocytic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Syndrome<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Critical<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Illness:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>New<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Insights<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>into Diagnosis and Management. Journal of intensive care medicine 2015; 30:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.8pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.8pt&quot;}"> </span>401-412.
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">1. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Tothova<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Z,<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Berliner<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>N.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Hemophagocytic<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>Syndrome<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>and<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Critical<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Illness:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}"> </span>New<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}"> </span>Insights<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}"> </span>into Diagnosis and Management. Journal of intensive care medicine 2015; 30:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.8pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.8pt&quot;}"> </span>401-412.


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">2.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH,et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.1pt&quot;}"> </span>blood
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">2.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH,et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-1.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-1.1pt&quot;}"> </span>blood
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">3.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Lachmann, G., La Rosée, P., Schenk, T. et al. Anaesthesist (2016) 65: 776. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-016-0216-x</nowiki><br />
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">3.<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span>Lachmann, G., La Rosée, P., Schenk, T. et al. Anaesthesist (2016) 65: 776. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-016-0216-x</nowiki><br />
<references />
<references group="mehr" />

Latest revision as of 06:49, 4 June 2020

Klinisches Bild*

Patienten mit Sepsis sind schwer krank: Sepsis ist ein infektiologischer Notfall!

Das Fortschreiten lokal begrenzter Infektionen hin zu einem systemischen Krankheitsbild wird unter dem Begriff Sepsis zusammengefasst. Dabei ist die Sepsis als lebensbedrohliche Organdysfunktion charakterisiert und wird pathophysiologisch durch eine dysregulierte immunologische Reaktion auf die Infektion unterhalten. Neben dem Sepsis-Konzept der Bakteriämie (u.a. Hugo Schottmüller 1913) hat auch das SIRS - Konzept (u.a. Bone 1991) weiterhin eine klinische Bedeutung.

Die Antibiotikatherapie ist nur ein Teil der Sepsis-Therapie: Im Vordergrung stehen Fokusidentifikation und Fokussanierung sowie die konsequente Anwendung des "1-Stunden-Bündel".

Klinische Situationen

Sepsis stellt das pathophysiologische Korrelat der schwersten Verlaufsform im Prinzip aller Infektionen dar. Am häufigsten sind Pneumonien, abdominelle Infektionen oder Harnwegsinfektionen Ursache der Sepsis. Dabei ist wichtig zu bemerken, dass das frühe Erkennen und das Aufhalten der Kaskade die Prognose deutlich verbessert. Vorherrschend ist das Organversagen, welches beim septischen Schock auch mit einem protrahierten Kreislaufversagen vergesellschaftet ist.

Definition Sepsis-3
- Sepsis: lebensbedrohliche Organdysfunktion aufgrund einer fehlregulierten Wirtsantwort bedingt durch eine Infektion

- Organdysfunktion: akute Veränderung des SOFA-Scores ≥2 Punkte als Folge einer Infektion (bei Patienten

ohne vorbekannte Organdysfunktion Ausgangs-SOFA-Score=0)

- septischer Schock: Vasopressorengabe erforderlich, um bei persistierender Hypotonie einen

MAD ≥65mmHg aufrechtzuerhalten und Serum-Laktat >2mmol/l trotz adäquater Volumensubstitution

Diagnostik

Diagnosekriterien

Um das Kontinuum von lokaler Infektion bis hin zum Septischen Schock abzubilden, könnte vereinfacht wie folgt eingeteilt werden:

  1. Schwere Infektion: Infektionsverdacht + ≥ 2 SIRS-Kriterien
  2. Sepsis: Infektionsverdacht +2 Punkte SOFA Anstieg
  3. Septischer Schock: Sepsis + Vasopressorbedarf (um MAP >65 mm Hg zu halten) und Serum-Laktat > 2 mmol/l (trotz adäquater Volumensubstitution)

Bei unbekanntem SOFA-Score soll ein Ausgangs-SOFA von 0 Punkten angenommen werden.


SOFA-Score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment)
Beim Vorliegen von  mind. 2 Kriterien ist eine Sepsis wahrscheinlich!
Organsystem Paramater 1 2 3 4
Atmung PaO2/FiO2 < 400 mm Hg <  300 mm Hg < 200mm Hg, maschinelle Beamtung < 100 mm Hg, maschinelle Beatmung
Nervensysten GlasgowComa Scale(GCS) 13-14 10-12 6-9 < 6
Herz-Kreislauf-System Katecholamine (µg/kg/min) MAP < 70 mm Hg Dobutamin (beliebige Dosis)

oder Dopamin ≤5

Noradrenalin ≤ 0,1 oder Dopamin >5 oder Adrenalin ≤ 0,1 Noradrenalin > 0,1

oder Dopamin > 15 oder Adrenalin > 0,1

Leber Bilirubin 1,2 - 1,9 mg/dl μmol/l] 2,0–5,9mg/dl [33–101μmol/l] 6,0–11,9 mg/dl

[102–204 μmol/l]

> 12,0 mg/dl [ > 204

μmol/l]

Gerinnung Thrombozyten

(Gpt /l)

< 150 <100 <50 < 20
Niere Kreatinin 1,2–1,9 mg/dl [110–17 0 μmol/l] 2,0-3,4 mg/dl

[171-299 μmol/l]

3,5-4,9 mg/dl

[300-440 μmol/l]

(oder Urin < 500ml/d)

> 5,0 mg/dl [>440 μmol/l] (oder Urin < 200 ml/d)

Sepsisdiagnose der Intensivstation: qSOFA

Als vereinfachtes Screening-Instrument außerhalb von Intensivstationen kann der qSOFA genutzt werden, er gilt als positiv wenn mind. 2 Kriterien zutreffen.

qSOFA (quickSOFA)
- Atemfrequenz ≥ 22/min

- verändertes Bewusstsein (GCS<15)

- systolischer Blutdruck ≤ 100 mm Hg


Ein qSOFA ≥ 2 Punkte ist prognostisch ungünstig und sollte in jedem Falle eine erweiterte Überwachung nach sich ziehen, sowie die Diagnostik und Therapie der Sepsis beschleunigen.

Flussschema

{{#mermaid: graph TD; A[Dokumentierte oder suspekte Infektion]-->B{"qSOFA≥2"} C(Reevaluation)-->B B-->|ja|D(Organdysfunktion?) B-->|nein|E(weiterhin V.a. Sepsis) E-->|ja|C D-->|ja|F[SOFA Score >2] F-->|ja|G[Sepsis] F-->|nein|E G-->H(Trotz adäquater Flüssigkeitsgabe:
1. Vasopressor notwendig
um MAD>65mmHG
und
2. Laktat>2mmol/L) H-->|nein|G H-->|ja|T[septischer Schock] J["qSOFA:
1. Atemfrequenz >22/min
2. Eingeschränkter
mentaler Status (GC5<15)
3. Systolischer RR ≤ 100mmHG"] style T fill:#f33 style G fill:#f70 }}

Diagnostische Schritte

Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
Basisdiagnostik

- mindestens 2 (besser 3) Blutkulturpaare (siehe Handlungsempfehlung Blutkultur-Dianostik)

- ohne Vorhandensein zentraler Gefäßzugänge: mind. 2 Blutkulturpaare (besser 3) perkutan von unterschiedlichen Entnahmestellen

- bei Vorhandensein zentraler Gefäßzugänge: mind. 1 Blutkulturpaar (besser 2) perkutan (oder via neu platziertem i.v.-Zugang) und zusätzlich je 1 Blutkulturpaar von jedem seit >48 h in situ befindlichen, zentralen Gefäßzugang (ZVK, Port, Vorhofkatheter, art. Katheter)

Fokus Atemwege

- respiratorische Sekrete (Tracheobronchialsekret oder BAL, wenn diese klinisch indiziert ist, [Sputum]) auf Erreger+Resistenz

- Legionellen-Antigentest (aus Urin)

- während Influenza-Saison bzw. bei Reiseanamnese: Influenza-Diagnostik (Molekularbiologische Testung, AG-Schnelltest nicht empfohlen) aus Nasopharynx-Abstrich oder respiratorischem Sekret, ggf. ergänzt um saisonale spezifische Diagnostik (z.B. COVID-19)

- Pleurapunktat auf Erreger + Resistenz in sterilem Gefäß und in Blutkulturflaschen

Fokus Harntrakt

- Urin-Status

- Urinkultur auf Erreger + Resistenz

Zusätzliche Mikrobiologische Diagnostik
Allgemein

- Intravasale Katheterspitzen (Ausrolltechnik) nur bei Infektionsverdacht und gleichzeitiger Einsendung von

Blutkulturen (möglichst zentral und peripher gleichzeitig entnommen: Differential Time to Positivity)

- grundsätzlich sind Gewebeproben und/oder Punktate zu bevorzugen, da die diagnostische Validität von Abstrichen

zu gering ist


Fokus Gefäßkatheter (ZVK, Port, Vorhofkatheter etc.)

  • Katheter nach Desinfektion ziehen/operativ entfernen

Fokus Wunde/Naht/Abszess

  • Wunde/ Naht öffnen und Material (Gewebe> Punktat> Abstrich) auf Erreger + Resistenz
  • (Abszess-)Punktat auf Erreger + Resistenz in sterilem Gefäß und in Blutkulturflaschen

Fokus Gelenke

  • Gelenkpunktat auf Erreger + Resistenz in sterilem Gefäß und in Blutkulturflaschen, außerdem Bestimmung/Differenzierung Zellzahl im Labor

Fokus Abdomen (Galle, Darm)

  • Aszitespunktat auf Erreger + Resistenz in sterilem Gefäß und in Blutkulturflaschen
  • DD: schwere C. difficile-Infektion → Stuhlprobe zur Clostridioides-Diagnostik unter Berücksichtigung einer optimalen Transportzeit zum Labor (max. 2 h wegen hitzelabilem Toxin) einsenden, Toxin und E+R

Fokus ZNS

  • V.a. auf Meningitis: Liquorpunktion (Erreger+Resistenz und HSV-PCR)

Beispiele für Differentialdiagnosen

Jede Form von systemischer Reaktion des Körpers, ohne dass eine Infektion vorliegt, die mit einer Organdysfunktion einher geht. Beispiele hierfür sind ödematöse Pankreatitis, schweres Trauma, Toxic-Shock-Syndrom, Verbrennungen oder postoperative systemische Inflammationsreaktion.

Die hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose, kurz HLH, ist eine lebensbedrohliche Funktionsstörung des Immunsystems, die mit Hyperinflammation, Zytokinsturm und unkontrollierter Aktivierung von Lymphozyten und Makrophagen einhergeht. Zur Diagnostik dient hier eine Ferritinbestimmung während eines septischen Schocks bei Erstdiagnose und dann alle 7 Tage und ist bedeutsam, da als therapeutische Konsequenz eine Immunsuppression erfolgen muss.

Erreger*

Die Erreger der Sepsis sind vor allem abhängig vom Fokus, die häufigsten Erreger des jeweiligen Fokus sind auf den entsprechenden Seiten zu finden.Typische bakteriellen Erreger der Sepsis sind nachfolgend angegeben, wobei regionale Unterschiede sowie die Reiseanamnese relevante Faktoren sind:

    Streptococcus pneumoniae

    Haemophilus influenzae

    Staphylococcus aureus

    Escherichia coli

    Enterokokken

    Nonfermenter

    Neisseria meningitidis

Fokus häufige Erreger
Unbekannt - ambulant erworben S. aureus, Streptokokken, E. coli, Enterokokken, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp.
Unbekannt - nosokomial erworben S. aureus, E. coli,

andere Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Atemwege - ambulant erworben

sCAP

Pneumokokken,

H. influenzae,

S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa3)[mehr 1][1]

Atemwege - nosokomial erworben S. aureus, E. coli,

andere Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa3)[1], Anaerobier

Harnwege E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterokokken, Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylokokken
Abdominelle Infektionen, gynäkologische Organe E. coli/ andere Enterobacteriaceae, Enterokokken, Anaerobier. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haut- /Weichgewebe

nekrotisierende Fasziitis Fourniersche Gangrän

A-Streptokokken, S. aureus

Mischinfektionen (zusätzlich mit Non-A-Streptokokken, Anaerobier, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)


Jedoch kann eine Sepsis auch durch saisonale Influenza/Grippe-Viren, Dengue-Viren und andere Erreger, wie Vogel- und Schweinegrippeviren, Coronaviren und in jüngster Zeit Ebola- und Gelbfieber-Viren bedingt sein.

Kommentare

  1. Das ist ein einfacher Test

Therapie

Kausale Therapie

Sepsis Patienten sollten innerhalb einer Stunde nach Stellen der Verdachtsdiagnose Sepsis einer kausalen Therapie zugeführt werden:

  1. Sanierung von Infektionsherden (operative Sanierung; endoskopische oder radiologisch gesteuerte Einlage von Spüldrainagen; Wechsel intravenöser Katheter durch Neupunktion, insbesondere bei einer Liegedauer >48h; ggf. Entfernung von Tenckhoff-Kaathetern, Ports, o.ä)
  2. Erregerspezifische, resistenzgerechte oder kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie

Adaptierte "Bundles" der Surviving Sepsis Campaign für Sepsis und septischen Schock

Unter der Zielsetzung, die Letalität der schweren Sepsis um 25% zu reduzieren, hat die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) mehrfach sogenannte "Bundles" entwickelt. Darunter versteht man Gruppen von evidenzbasierten Interventionen, deren gemeinsame Anwendung das Outcome stärker verbessert, als die Anwendung der einzelnen Interventionen alleine. Das "Hour-1-Bundle" beinhaltet Ziele, die möglichst innerhalb der ersten Stunde nach Diagnose Sepsis erreicht sein sollten. Dabei wurde zuletzt das 3-Stunden-Bundle und das 6-Stunden- Bundle der Surviving Sepsis Campaign zu einem Maßnahmenpaket zusammengefasst.

Zusammenfassung "1-Stunden-Bündel"

  1. Lactat bestimmen
  2. Entnahme von Blutkulturdiagnostik möglichst vor Gabe der Antibiotika Blutkulturentnahme vor Beginn der Antibiotikatherapie bzw. vor Umstellung der Antibiotikatherapie (siehe auch ABx Programm: Blutkulturen müssen nach adäquater Hautdesinfektion über > 1 min steril entnommen werden. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Isolierung eines im Blut vorhandenen Erregers steigt mit der Menge des untersuchten Blutes. Deshalb möglichst an unterschiedlichen Stellen 2 Serien/Blutkultursets (Serie =1 aerobe + 1 anaerobe Flasche) in kurzem zeitlichen Abstand aus unterschiedlichen peripheren Venenpunktionen für die Kultivierung entnehmen. Pro Flasche 8 - 10ml Blut einsetzen. Bei Kulturen aus bereits liegenden Kathetern bestehen sehr hohe Kontaminationsraten. Nur bei frisch gelegtem ZVK ist die Entnahme einer Kultur über diesen Zugang sinnvoll. Bei Verdacht auf katheter-assoziierte Sepsis 1. Entnahme aus dem Katheter, 2. Entnahme aus peripherer Vene! Entnahmezeit notieren und dem Labor mitteilen, damit die Differenzzeit zwischen den Entnahmezeiten berechnet werden können! Flaschen sollten nicht belüftet werden.)
  3. Applikation von Breitspektrum-Antibiotika (Erregerspezifische, resistenzgerechte oder kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie)
  4. Volumengabe: Applikation von 30 ml/kg kristalloider Infusionslösungen bei Hypotension oder erhöhtem Lactatspiegel ≥4 mmol/l. Zur Volumentherapie sollten nach aktuelle Nutzen-/Risikoanalysen aufgrund erhöhter Mortalität und Nierenschädigung keine Kolloidlösungen mehr verwendet werden (z.B. HAES 130/0,4 6%). Die Gabe von Humanalbumin sollte nur nach strenger individueller Indikationsstellung erfolgen, sie kann bei septischem Schock diskutiert werden.
  5. Vasopressoren: Applikation von Vasopressoren (Noradrenalin, ggf. Vasopressin bei hohen Katecholamindosierungen), wenn die Hypotension während oder nach der Gabe der Kristalloide weiterbesteht, um einen mittleren arteriellen Druck von (MAP) ≥65 mm Hg zu erzielen

Antibiotika- Therapiegrundsätze Sepsis

Die Behandlung von Patienten mit Sepsis orientiert sich primär an den Empfehlungen bei den entsprechenden Erkrankungsbildern. Dennoch bestehen bei der Sepsis einige Besonderheiten, die nachfolgend aufgeführt sind. Die Studienlage zeigt jedoch klar, dass Patienten mit septischem Schock oder kritisch kranke Patienten im Sinne des 1-Stunden-Bündel aggressiver behandelt werden sollten.

- Die Identifizierung des Sepsisfokus und dessen schnellstmögliche (innerhalb 6-12 Stunden nach Diagnosestellung) Sanierung (möglichst invasiv/chirurgisch oder interventionell-radiologisch) sollte immer angestrebt werden!


- unverzügliche Entfernung allter intravaskulärer Zugänge, die als Fokus für die Sepsis in Betracht kommen


- kalkulierte, inital intravenöse Antibiotikatherapie - innerhalb 1 (septischer Schock) bis max. 3 Stunden nach Diagnosestellung Sepsis: Fokus v.a. auf Vermeidung einer Verzögerung zwischen Zeitpunkt der ärztlichen Entscheidung und Verabreichung des Antibiotikums


- Berücksichtigung antibiotischer Vorbehandlungen in den letzten 3 Monaten sowie MRE- Kolonisation/ - Vorinfektionen/ -Kontakt und lokale MRE-Epidemiologie


- initiale Antibiotikatherapie: "Hit hard and early": Häufig wird eine Kombinationstherapie notwendig sein, um das relevante Erregerspektrum zu erreichen. Für Empfehlungen zur initialen, empirischen Kombinationstherapie liegen Konsensempfehlungen vor (z.B. S2K Leitlinie Sepis 2018) und bleibt intensiv diskutiert. Relevant ist das Erfassen des kausalen Erregers besonders im septischen Schock und gleichzeitig die Vermeidung einer antibiotischen Übertherapie!


- Re-Evaluation der Antibiotikatherapie 48-72 h nach Beginn und dann alle 48 h

- Deeskalation:
  • nach Erhalt mikrobiologischer Befunde möglichst frühe Umstellung auf eine gezielte Schmalspektrum- Therapie
  • Deeskalation nach klinischer Besserung sowie unter Monitoring von z.B. Procalcitonin im Verlauf (optimal unter Nutzung eines PCT-Algorithmus; Stopp bei >80%igem PCT-Abfall gegenüber dem am höchsten gemessenen Wert bzw. bei einem Wert ≤0,25 ng/l)
  • initiale Kombinationstherapie 3-5 Tagen auf eine ß-Laktam-Monotherapie reduzieren auch ohne Erregernachweis


- Applikationsform:

  • prolongierte Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4h/Dosis) von ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach Bolus. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls nach einer initialen Standarddosis als Bolus) möglich


- Therapiebeendigung in der Regel nach 7 (-10) Tagen wirksamer Therapie

  • Ausnahmen bei Indikationen für verlängerte Antibiotikatherapien:
  1. persistierender Infektion (z.B. fehlende chirurgische Fokuskontrolle)
  2. tiefer Fokus wie z.B. Endokarditis, Meningitis, Hirnabzess, Spondylodiszitis oder Osteomyelitis
  3. S.aureus-Bakteriämien (i.v.-Therapie 14d bis zu 28d!, s. SOP S. Aureus-Bakteriämie),
  4. Infektionen durch Listerien, Borrelien, Pneumocystis, Tropheryma whippeli, Actinomyzeten, Mykobakterien
  5. Pat. mit verzögertem Therapieansprechen
  6. Pat. mit invasien Pilzinfektionen (s. SOP Systemische antimykotische Prophylaxe und Therapie)
  7. Pat. mit bestimmten Virusinfektionen
  8. Pat. mit Immundefizienz wie beispielsweise Neutropenie



Kalkulierte Initialtherapie bei unbekanntem Erreger

Fokus häufige Erreger Beispiel

Therapie-Empfehlung

Sepsis

MRGN Risiko (LINK)

oder

Septischer Schock

ggf. noch MRSA Risiko

Unbekannt

-

ambulant

erworben

S. aureus,

Streptokokken, E.coli,

Enterokokken,

Klebsiella spp.,

Pseudomonas spp.

Piperacillin/ Tazibactam
  • Cefotaxim/ Ceftriaxon + Ciprofloxacin
  • Meropenem
  • bei MRSA Risiko: Vancomycin oder Linezolid
Unbekannt

-

nosokomial

erworben

S. aureus, E.coli,

andere Enterobacteriaceae,

Enterokokken,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

(wenn keine AB-Vortherapie,

kein MRE-Risiko)


oder


Meropenem + Vancomycin

  • Meropenem + Ciprofloxacin
  • Meropenem + Tobramycin
  • Piperazillin/ Tazobactam + Ciprofloxacin
  • Pipperazillin/ Tazobactam + Tobramycin

Vancomycin oder Linezolid

Atemwege

-

ambulant

erworben

sCAP

Pneumokokken,

H. influenzae,

S. aureus,

Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa3)[1]

- Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

- Ceftriaxon

- Cefotaxim


jeweils +


Azithroycon (<drei Tage empirisch

bis atypische Erreger ausgeschlossen)

Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für MRGN in dieser

Patientenpopulation ist sehr gering. In Einzelfällen,

wie z.B. multi-morbide Patienten mit

Tracheostoma und vorbekannter

MRGN-Kolonisation, sollten 4MRGN

ggf. kalkuliert entsprechend des letzten

Resistogrammes mit erfasst werden.


Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin

(Monotherapie nicht bei septischem Schock)


https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/020-020l_S3_ambulant_erworbene_Pneumonie_Behandlung_Praevention_2016-02-2.pdf (S3 LL 2016 Pneumonie)


Bei MRSA Trägerstatus:

Vancomycin oder Linezolid

Atemwege

-

nosokomial

erworben

S. aureus, E. coli,

andere Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa3)[1],

Anaerobier

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam (+ Ciprofloxacin3)[1]


oder


Meropenem

(+Ciprofloxacin3)[1]

+ Vancomycin

Meropenem + Aminoglykosid

[Tobramycin, Amikacin]

Ceftazidim* + Aminoglykosid

[Tobramycin, Amikacin]

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam +

Aminoglykosid [Tobramycin, Amikacin]

Carbapenem [Meropenem, Imipenem]

+ Fluorchinolon

[Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin]

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam + Fluorchinolon [Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin]


+


Vancomycin oder Linezolid

Harnwege E. coli, Proteus mirabilis,

Enterokokken,

Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Staphylokokken

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

oder

Meropenem

Meropenem (unter Beachtung von Vortherapien

Pseudomonaswirksames ß- Lactam)

+

Vancomycin oder Linezolid

Abdominelle

Infektionen,

gynäkologische

Organe

E. coli/ andere

Enterobacteriaceae,

Enterokokken,

Anaerobier.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

oder

Meropenem

Meropenem + Vancomycin
Haut-/Weich-

gewebe

A- Streptokokken, S. aureus Piperacillin/ Tazobactam + Clindamycin Rufbereitschaft Mikrobiologie bei z.B. V.a. Gasbrand!
nekrotisirende

Fasziitis

Fourniersche

Gangrän

Mischinfektionen

(zusätzlich mit Non- A- Streptokokken, Anaerobier, Enterobacteriaceae,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Meropenem

+ Clindmycin

Weichgewebsinfektionen Typ I und II sowie bei Fournierscher Gangrän

- Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

- Meropenem


+ Penicillin G (bis zum Ausschluss von Clostridien)


(Bei Penicillinallergie alternativ anstelle Penicillin G bei Clostridien:

Ceftriaxon oder Erythromycin)

Gefäßkatheter

(ZVK, Port,

Dialysekatheter)

koag. -neg.

Staphylokokken,

S. aureus,

gramnegative Stäbchen, Candida spp.,

Corynebakterien,

Propionibakterien

Piperacillin/ Tazobactam

+ Vancomycin

oder

Meropenem

+ Vancomycin

- Vancomycin + Meropenem

- Vancomycin + Ceftazidim

1)Risiko für MRE:

  1. schwere strukturelle chronische Lungenerkrankungen (schwere COPD, Bronchiektasen, Mukoviszidose) mit Antibiotikavortherapie oder vorausgegangener Hospitalisierung jeweils in den letzten drei Monaten
  2. bekannte Kolonisation (P. aeruginosa, MRSA, MRGN)
  3. PatientInnen aus Langzeitpflegebereichen, chronische Dialyse, Tracheostomaversorgte, offene Wunden
  4. vorhergehende Hospitalisation
  5. vorhergehende antibiotische Therapie (in Abhängigkeit von Spektrum, Dauer und Dosierung)

Empirische antimykotische Therapie

Candida - Infektionen sind ätiologisch relevant bei Patienten mit Sepsis und im septischen Schock. Bei intraabdominalem Nachweis aus Histologie oder Mikrobiologie bzw. bei Candidämie antimykotische Therapie beginnen. Bei Nichtansprechen der antibiotischen Therapie innerhalb von 24- 48h ist die zusätzlich antimykotische Therapie z.B. mit Echinocandinen empfohlen.


{{#mermaid: graph TD A(OP für komplizierte
intraabdominelle Infektion
-> sekundäre Peritonitis oder
Abzess)-->B(Anastomaseninsuffizienzen/
Chirurgisch nicht beherrschte
Peritonitis) A-->C(Peritonitis wegen
Perforation > 12 h o GI-Trakt
Perforation > 24 h u GI-Trakt) B-->|ja|D(Kalkulierte antifungale Therapie mit Echinocandin infiziert) C-->|ja|E(Candida in Kultur oder
Direktpräparat/Biopsie oder) E-->|ja|F(Schwere Sepsis
oder Schock) E-->|ja|G(Keine schwere
Sepsis oder Schock) F-->|ja|D G-->|ja|H(Immunkompromittierte
Patienten) H-->|ja|D C-->I(nein) E-->J(nein) H-->K(nein) I-->J J-->K K-->L(Invasive Pilzinfektion
eher unwahrscheinlich,
keine kalkulierte
antifungale Therapie) }}


nach ESCMID/IDSA/de Waele


Spezielle Entitäten: MRE - Kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie - multiresistente Erreger (MRE) bekannt oder wahrscheinlich1)[2]


Erreger Therapieerweiterung empfohlen mit Dosierung2)[3] Bemerkung3)[1]
MRSA + Vancomycin oder

+ Linezolid

(2 x 1 g/d)4)[4]

2 x 600 mg/d

nach Initialbolus weiter mit Vancomycin 30 mg/kg

KG/24 h5)[5]

als kontinuierliche Infusion

bei pulmonalen Fokus

VRE + Linezolid 2 x 600 mg/d
Enterobakterien (ESBL, 3MRGN)8) Meropenem 3 x 2 g/d nach Initialbolus weiter mit Meropenem

6 g/24h als kontinuierliche Infusion

Enterobakterien 4MRGN8) oder Acinetobacter spp. 4MRGN8) + Colistin

+ Tigecyclin

1. Dosis 9 Mio

IE dann 2x 4,5 Mio IE/d6)[6]

1. Dosis 100 mg, weiter mit 2 x 50 mg/d

nur nach individuellem Antibiogramm

Bei Auftreten Rücksprache mit ABS-Team und/oder Mikrobiologen

Pseudomonas aerug.


3+4MRGN7)[7]

+ Colistin

+ Meropenem

1. Dosis 9 Mio

IE dann 2x 4,5 Mio IE/d6)[6]

1)Risiko für MRE:

  1. schwere strukturelle chronische Lungenerkrankungen (schwere COPD, Bronchiektasen, Mukoviszidose) mit Antibiotikavortherapie oder vorausgegangener Hospitalisierung jeweils in den letzten drei Monaten
  2. bekannte Kolonisation (P. aeruginosa, MRSA, MRGN)
  3. PatientInnen aus Langzeitpflegebereichen, chronische Dialyse, Tracheostomaversorgte, offene Wunden
  4. vorhergehende Hospitalisation
  5. vorhergehende antibiotische Therapie (in Abhängigkeit von Spektrum, Dauer und Dosierung)


2) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR > 50 ml/min)


3) Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine prolongierte Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach einer initialen Standardosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls nach einer initalen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.

->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Piperacillin/Tazobactam: 32-64 mg/l

->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Meropenem: 8-16 mg/l


4) IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen! TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden): -> Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l


5) Initialbolus Vancomycin: 15 mg/kgKG

->Tdm Vancomycin kontinuerliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l


6) Die optimale Dosierung von Colistin wird kontrover diskutiert, aktuelle Empfehlungen sollten beachtet werden (https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/phar.2209)


7) Piperacillin/Tazobactam bei MRGN: ggf. wirksam bei Urosepsis, bei MHK < 4 mg/l (v.a. intraabdominelle Infektionen)

Spezielle Entitäten: gezielte Antibiotikatherapie nach Erregernachweis1.1)[8]


mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: 0cm none black;mso-border-insidev:0cm none black"

Erreger Therapieempfehlung2.1)[9]/ Alternativen nachgeordnet Kombinationspartner
Flucloxacillin (6 x 2g/d) ggf. 12 g/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus, TDM!
S.aureus MSSA Cefazolin (3 x 2 g/d) bei Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen, Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):

+ Rifampicin (2 x 450 mg/d)3.1)[10]

oder

Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)

S.aureus MRSA

koagulase-negative Staphylok.

Vancomycin (2 x 1 g/d)4.1)[11] ggf. 30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus5.1)[12] bei Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen, Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):

+ Rifampicin (2 x 450 mg/d)3.1)[10]

oder

Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)

Daptomycin 1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d bei Vorhandensein nicht infizierter (sicherer Ausschluss!) oder nicht entfernbarer Fremd­materialien (z.B. intrakardiale Devices/Herz­klappen, Endoprothesen, Osteosynthesen, implantierte Pumpen, …):

+ Rifampicin (2 x 450 mg/d)3.1)[10]

oder

Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g/d)

Linezolid (2 x 600 mg/d) Cave: KEINE Kombination mit Rifampicin!hierunter beschleunigter Abbau und somit eventueller Wirkverlust von Linezolid möglich (Ausnahme: Verfügbarkeit von TDM für Linezolid zur Therapiesteuerung)
S.aureus-Bakteriämie Therapie wie oben angeführt über mind. 14 d (nach 1. neg. Folgeblutkultur) , bei komplizierter S.aureus-Bakteriämie mind. 28 d (s. SOP S.aureus-Bakteriämie)
A-Streptokokken Penicillin G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d) + Clindamycin (4 x 600 mg/d)
Cefazolin (3 x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie
Erreger Therapieempfehlung2.1)[9]/ Alternativen nachgeordnet Kombinationspartner
Pneumokokken Penicillin G (4-6-8 x 5 Mio IE/d) + Azithromycin (1 x 500mg/d) – für 3 Tage und

nur bei pulmonalen Fokus

Ceftriaxon (2 x 2 g/d) - bei Penicillin-Allergie oder Penicillin-Resistenz

Enterococcus faecalis

Ampicillin (4 x 3 g/d)
Vancomycin (2 x 1g/d)4.1) [11]- bei Penicillin-Allergie ggf. 30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus5.1)[12] + ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)6.1)[13] - bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz
Enterococcus faecium Vancomycin (2 x 1 g/d)4.1)[11] ggf. 30 mg/kg KG/24 h kontinuierlich nach Bolus5.1)[12] + ggf. Gentamicin (5 - 10 mg/kg/d)6.1)[13] - bei Ausschluss einer High-Level-Resistenz
Daptomycin 1 x 10 mg/kg KG/d
Linezolid (2 x 600 mg/d)

E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis

Ampicillin/Sulbactam (4 x 3 g/d)

3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach individuellem Antibiogramm

Ceftriaxon (1 x 2 g/d)
Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)
Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia

Meropenem (3 x 1-2g/d)

ggf. nach Initialbolus weiter mit

Meropenem 6 g/24h als

kontinuierliche Infusion

Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceftazidim (3 x 2 g/d) ggf. nach Initialbolus weiter mit

6 g/24 h kontinuierlich

ggf. + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)

oder + Fosfomycin (3 x 5 g )

3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach individuellem Antibiogramm

Meropenem ( 3x 1-2g/d)

ggf. nach Initialbolus weiter mit

Meropenem 6 g/24h als

kontinuierliche Infusion

Acinetobacter spp.

Meropenem ( 3x 1-2g/d)

ggf. nach Initialbolus weiter mit

Meropenem 6 g/24h als

kontinuierliche Infusion

ggf. + Ciprofloxacin (3 x 400 mg/d)

3 MRGN, 4 MRGN: nur nach individuellem Antibiogramm

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cotrimoxazol (2-3 x 960 mg/d) ggf. + Levofloxacin (2 x 500 mg/d)

1.1) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR >50 ml/min)


2.1) Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine prolongierte Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4 h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls nach einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.


3.1) Rifampicin: Einsatz erst, wenn definitiver chir. Therapie (z.B. Endoprothetik/ Implantatwechsel) erfolgt ist; ansonsten erst ab Tag 4 der Therapie ergänzen   (Gefahr Resistenzentwicklung aufgrund hoher Inokulumkonzentration in der Initialphase)


4.1) IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen!, TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden): -> Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l


5.1) Initialbolus Vancomycin:      

<60 kg 1 g
60-89 kg 1,5 g
>90 kg 2 g

->TDM Vancomycin kontinuierliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l


6.1) TDM Gentamicin: Ziel-Talspiegel <2mg/l, Ziel-Spitzen-Spiegel 16-20 mg/l


7.1) bei ausgeprägter Adipositas (BMI>30) Dosiserhöhung auf 4x4,5 g bzw. 18g/24 h angeraten; Erhöhung der loading dose auf 9 g bei adipösen Patienten (BMI>30) vor Start der kontinuierlichen Infusion empfehlenswert

Weiterführende Literatur

    WHO Resolution zur Sepsis: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7- en.pdf?ua=1


             S2k Leitlinie: Kalkulierte parenterale Initialtherapie bakterieller Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen – Update 2018 (AWMF 082-006)


             S2k LeitlinieSepsis – Prävention, Diagnose, [resources/img/favicon.ico]Therapie und Nachsorge. https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/aktuelle-leitlinien/ll-liste/deutsche-sepsis-gesellschaft-ev.html


             Singer et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA; 2016


             Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0


             Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, et al., Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;315(8):775-87


             Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, et al., Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-77


             Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal beta-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):108-20


             Martinez ML, Ferrer R, Torrents E, Guillamat-Prats R, Goma G, Suarez D, et al., Impact of Source Control in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):11-9


             Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 2235–44.              Pruinelli L, Westra BL, Yadav P, et al. Delay Within the 3-Hour Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline on Mortality for Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2018; published online Jan 2. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002949


             Bretonnière C, Leone M, Milési C, Allaouchiche B, Armand-Lefevre L, Baldesi O, et. al. Strategies to reduce curative antibiotic therapy in intensive care units (adult and paediatric). Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(7):1181-96


            Bone RC et al.. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee.American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1644 - 55


            Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287


            Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30(4):536 - 555.


            Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM et al., Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis 1. Revision der S-2k Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG) und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin DIVI), Anaesthesist. 2010 Apr;59(4):347 - 70.


            Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, Pérez XL, Sirvent JM; Edusepsis Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov 1;180(9):861 - 6.


            Characteristics and Determinants of Outcome of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Units: The EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Tabah, A., et al. Intensive Care Med. 2012, 38, 1930–1945.


Hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose

1.   Tothova Z, Berliner N. Hemophagocytic Syndrome and Critical Illness: New Insights into Diagnosis and Management. Journal of intensive care medicine 2015; 30: 401-412.


2.  Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH,et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric blood 3.  Lachmann, G., La Rosée, P., Schenk, T. et al. Anaesthesist (2016) 65: 776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-016-0216-x

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 3) Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine prolongierte Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach einer initialen Standardosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls nach einer initalen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich. ->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Piperacillin/Tazobactam: 32-64 mg/l ->typisches TDM Ziel steady state Meropenem: 8-16 mg/l
  2. 1) Risiko für MRE:
    1. schwere strukturelle chronische Lungenerkrankungen (schwere COPD, Bronchiektasen, Mukoviszidose) mit Antibiotikavortherapie oder vorausgegangener Hospitalisierung jeweils in den letzten drei Monaten
    2. bekannte Kolonisation (P. aeruginosa, MRSA, MRGN)
    3. PatientInnen aus Langzeitpflegebereichen, chronische Dialyse, Tracheostomaversorgte, offene Wunden
    4. vorhergehende Hospitalisation
    5. vorhergehende antibiotische Therapie (in Abhängigkeit von Spektrum, Dauer und Dosierung)
  3. 2) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR > 50 ml/min)
  4. 4) IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen! TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden): -> Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l
  5. 5) Initialbolus Vancomycin: 15 mg/kgKG ->Tdm Vancomycin kontinuerliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l
  6. 6.0 6.1 6) Die optimale Dosierung von Colistin wird kontrover diskutiert, aktuelle Empfehlungen sollten beachtet werden (https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/phar.2209)
  7. 7) Piperacillin/Tazobactam bei MRGN: ggf. wirksam bei Urosepsis, bei MHK < 4 mg/l (v.a. intraabdominelle Infektionen)
  8. 1.1) Dosierungsangaben für erwachsene Patienten mit normaler bis kompensierter Nierenfunktion (GFR >50 ml/min)
  9. 9.0 9.1 2.1) Bei Sepsis/ septischer Schock sollte eine prolongierte Gabe (=Infusionsdauer: 3-4 h/Dosis) der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika nach einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus) angestrebt werden. Bei Verfügbarkeit eines TDM ist eine kontinuierliche Gabe der ß-Laktam-Antibiotika (ebenfalls nach einer initialen Standarddosis (Bolus)) möglich.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 3.1) Rifampicin: Einsatz erst, wenn definitiver chir. Therapie (z.B. Endoprothetik/ Implantatwechsel) erfolgt ist; ansonsten erst ab Tag 4 der Therapie ergänzen   (Gefahr Resistenzentwicklung aufgrund hoher Inokulumkonzentration in der Initialphase)
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 4.1) IIV: nur in Ausnahmefällen!, TDM Vancomycin intermittierende Gabe (Infusionsdauer: mind. 1 h/Gabe, um Red-Man-Syndrom zu vermeiden): -> Ziel-Talspiegel 15-20 mg/l
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 5.1) Initialbolus Vancomycin:      
    <60 kg 1 g
    60-89 kg 1,5 g
    >90 kg 2 g
    ->TDM Vancomycin kontinuierliche Gabe: Ziel-Spiegel steady state 25-30 mg/l
  13. 13.0 13.1 6.1) TDM Gentamicin: Ziel-Talspiegel <2mg/l, Ziel-Spitzen-Spiegel 16-20 mg/l