DGI:ZNS-Infektionen/Anmerkung der Redaktion: Difference between revisions

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'''<big>Anmerkung der Redaktion</big>'''
== <big>Anmerkung der Redaktion</big> ==
 
'''<big>Inhaltsverzeichnis</big>'''
 
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">1. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span> Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, Moreno R, Lipman J, Gomersall C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, EPIC II Group of Investigators. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009; 2;302(21):2323-9
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">2. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span> Kumta N, Roberts JA, Lipman J et al. Antibiotic distribution into cerebrospinal fluid: Can dosing safely account for drug and disease factors in the treatment of ventriculostomy-associated infections? Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57: 439–454
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">3. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span> Blassmann U, Roehr AC, Frey OR, Vetter-Kerkhoff C, Thon N, Hope W, Briegel J, Huge V. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of meropenem in neurocritical care patients with proven or suspected ventriculitis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2016; 20: 343
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">4. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span> Conen A, Fux CA, Vajkoczy P, Trampuz A. Management of infections associated with neurosurgical implanted devices. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017;15(3): 241-255
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">5. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span></span>Nau R et al. S1-Leitlinie Hirnabszess. 2016. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, Hrsg. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Online: [http://www.dgn.org/leitlinien www.dgn.org/leitlinien]
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">6. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span> Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A, Byers K, Kaplan SL, Scheld WM, van de Beek D, Bleck TB, Garton HJL, Zunt JR. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64: e34–e65
 
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">7. <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">     </span></span></span>Kalkulierte parenterale Initialtherapie bakterieller Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen - Update 2018. <nowiki>https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/082-006.html</nowiki>
 
 
8. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Schaberg, T., et al., ''[Tuberculosis Guideline for Adults - Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis including LTBI Testing and Treatment of the German Central Committee (DZK) and the German Respiratory Society (DGP)].'' Pneumologie, 2017. '''71'''(6): p. 325-397.
 
9. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Wilkinson, R.J., et al., ''Tuberculous meningitis.'' Nat Rev Neurol, 2017. '''13'''(10): p. 581-598.
 
10. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Ducomble, T., et al., ''The burden of extrapulmonary and meningitis tuberculosis: an investigation of national surveillance data, Germany, 2002 to 2009.'' Euro Surveill, 2013. '''18'''(12).
 
11. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> in ''Tuberculosis: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and Measures for Its Prevention and Control''. 2011: London.
 
12. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Thwaites, G., et al., ''British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children.'' J Infect, 2009. '''59'''(3): p. 167-87.
 
13. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Marais, S., et al., ''Frequency, severity, and prediction of tuberculous meningitis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.'' Clin Infect Dis, 2013. '''56'''(3): p. 450-60.
 
14. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Chin, J.H., ''Tuberculous meningitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.'' Neurol Clin Pract, 2014. '''4'''(3): p. 199-205.
 
15. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Marais, S., et al., ''Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research.'' Lancet Infect Dis, 2010. '''10'''(11): p. 803-12.
 
16. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Amagon K.I., Awodele O. and A.J. Akindele, ''Methionine and vitamin B-complex ameliorate antitubercular drugs-induced toxicity in exposed patients.'' Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2017. '''5'''(5).
 
17. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">     </span> Prasad K. and Singh M.B., ''Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis.'' Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008(1): p. CD002244.
 
18. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">     </span> Thwaites G.E., et al., ''Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults.'' N Engl J Med, 2004. '''351'''(17): p. 1741-51.
 
 
19. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Darlow C.A., et al., ''Microbial aetiology of brain abscess in a UK cohort: Prominent role of Streptococcus intermedius.'' J Infect, 2020. '''80'''(6): p. 623-629.
 
20. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> R. N., ''S1-Leitlinie Hirnabszess'' In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, Hrsg. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, 2016.
 
21. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Alvis Miranda H., et al., ''Brain abscess: Current management.'' J Neurosci Rural Pract, 2013. '''4'''(Suppl 1): p. S67-81.
 
22. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Brouwer M.C., et al., ''Brain abscess.'' N Engl J Med, 2014. '''371'''(5): p. 447-56.
 
23. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Mishra A.M., et al., ''Comparison of the magnetization transfer ratio and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging signal intensity in differentiation of various cystic intracranial mass lesions and its correlation with biological parameters.'' J Magn Reson Imaging, 2006. '''24'''(1): p. 52-6.
 
24. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Xu X.X., et al., ''Can diffusion-weighted imaging be used to differentiate brain abscess from other ring-enhancing brain lesions? A meta-analysis.'' Clin Radiol, 2014. '''69'''(9): p. 909-15.
 
25. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Mishra A.K., et al., ''Molecular revolution in the diagnosis of microbial brain abscesses.'' Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2014. '''33'''(12): p. 2083-93.
 
26. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Sonneville R., et al., ''An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients.'' Clin Microbiol Infect, 2017. '''23'''(9): p. 614-620.
 
27. <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">       </span> Sharma R., Mohandas K., and Cooke R.P., ''Intracranial abscesses: changes in epidemiology and management over five decades in Merseyside.'' Infection, 2009. '''37'''(1): p. 39-43.
 
<br />
 
28. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A, Byers K, Kaplan SL, Michael Scheld W, van de Beek D, Bleck TP, Garton HJ, Zunt JR: 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2017.
 
29. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Reyes MM, Munigala S, Church EL, Kulik TB, Keyrouz SG, Zipfel GJ, Warren DK: Comparing External Ventricular Drains-Related Ventriculitis Surveillance Definitions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017, 38(5):574-579.
 
30. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Beer R, Lackner P, Pfausler B, Schmutzhard E: Nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis in neurocritical care patients. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ansi-language:DE" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ansi-language:DE&quot;}">J Neurol 2008, 255(11):1617-1624.</span>
 
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ansi-language:
DE" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ansi-language:\nDE&quot;}">31. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Ambulant erworbene bakterielle (eitrige) Meningoenzephalitis im Erwachsenenalter, AWMF-Registernummer: 030/089 [</span>https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/030-089.html<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-ansi-language:DE" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-ansi-language:DE&quot;}">]</span>
 
32. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Nau R, Blei C, Eiffert H: Intrathecal Antibacterial and Antifungal Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020, 33(3).
 
33. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Karvouniaris M, Brotis AG, Tsiamalou P, Fountas KN: The Role of Intraventricular Antibiotics in the Treatment of Nosocomial Ventriculitis/Meningitis from Gram-Negative Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2018, 120:e637-e650.
 
34. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Nau R, Seele J, Djukic M, Eiffert H: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018, 31(1):57-68.
 
35. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Nau R, Sorgel F, Eiffert H: Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23(4):858-883.
 
36. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">           </span>Nau R, Sorgel F, Prange HW: Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of bacterial central nervous system infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998, 35(3):223-246.
 
37. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">         </span>Mader MM, Czorlich P, Konig C, Fuhrmann V, Kluge S, Westphal M, Grensemann J: Intrathecal penetration of meropenem and vancomycin administered by continuous infusion in patients suffering from ventriculitis-a retrospective analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018, 160(11):2099-2105.
 
38. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-tab-count:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;}">         </span>Tangden T, Enblad P, Ullberg M, Sjolin J: Neurosurgical gram-negative bacillary ventriculitis and meningitis: a retrospective study evaluating the efficacy of intraventricular gentamicin therapy in 31 consecutive cases. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(11):1310-1316.
 
 
39<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Pfister H-W et al., Ambulant erworbene bakterielle (eitrige) Meningoenzephalitis im Erwachsenenalter. S2k-Leitlinie. AWMF-Registriernummer: 030/089</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">40. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span>Brouwer MC et al., Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Microbiol Rev 2010. 23: p. 467-492</span>
 
<span style="mso-list:
Ignore">41. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span>Van de Beek D et al., Community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016. 2: p. 16074
 
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10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">N Engl J Med 2004. 351: p. 1849-1859</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">43. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Klein M et al., Bakterielle Infektionen des Zentralnervensystems. Nervenarzt 2010. 81: p. 150-161</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">44. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span>Bijlsma MW et al., Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the Netherlands, 2006-2014: a prospective cohort study. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Lancet Infect Dis 2016. 16: p.339-347</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">45. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span>Thigpen MC et al., Bacterial Menigitis in the United States, 1998-2007. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">N Engl. J Med 2011. 364: p. 2016-2025</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">46. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span>McGill F et al., Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Lancet 2016. 388: p. 3036-3047</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">47. <span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">    </span></span></span>Aubertin M et al., Detrimental role of delayed antibiotic administration and penicillin-nonsuceptible strains in adult intensive care unit patients with pneumococcal meningitis: The PNEUMOREA prospective multicenter study. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Crit Care Med 2006. 34: p. 2758-2765</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">48.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Domingues RB et al., Performance of lactate in discriminating bacterial meningits from enterviral meningits. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019. 61: p. e24</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">49.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Ehrenstein BP et al., Neue Entwicklungen in Diagnostik und Therapie der akuten bakteriellen Meningitis. Med Klinik 2005. 100: p. 325-333</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">50.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Tan YC et al., Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections: an update. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015. 16: p. 187-203</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">51.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Wie T-T et al., Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in bacterial meningitis versus nonbacterial meningitis. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Medicine 2016. 95: p. e3079</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">52.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Jing-Zi P et al., Detection of bacterial meningitis pathogens by PCR-mass-spectrometry in cerebrospinal fluid. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Lab 2018. 64: p. 1013-1019</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">53.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Albuquerque RC et al., Multiplex-PCR for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Braz J Microbiol 2019. 50: p. 435-443</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">54.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Glimaker M et al., Adult bacterial meningitis: Earlier treatment and improved outcome following guideline revision promoting prompt lumbar puncture. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Infect Dis 2015. 60: p. 1162-1169</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">55.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Glimaker M et al., Lumbar puncture performded promptly or after neuroimaging in acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a prospective national cohort study evaluating different guidelines. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Infect Dis 2018. 66: p. 321-328</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">56.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Ettekoven CN et al., Update on community-acquired bacterial meningitis: guidance and challanges. <span style="font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Microbiol Infect 2017. 23: p. 601-606</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">57.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Van den Beek D et al., Community-acquired bacterial meningitis. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Nat Rev 2016. Doi:10.1038/nrdp2016.74</span>
 
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mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">58.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Sandiumenge A et al., Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A patient-based approach based on the ten rules of „The Tarragona Strategy“. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Intensive Care Med 2003. 29: 876-883</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">59.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Nau R et al.: Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections. </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Clin Microbiol Rev 2010. 23: p, 858-883</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">60.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Blassmann U et al., Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of meropenem in neurocritical care patients with proven or suspected ventriculitis: a prospective observational study. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Crit Care 2016. 20: p, 343</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">61.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">  </span></span></span>Tattevin P et al., Understanding central nervous system efficacy of antimicrobials. <span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">Intensive Care Med 2019. 45: 93-96</span>
 
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
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