DGI:Nosokomiale Pneumonie/Therapie: Difference between revisions

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==Therapie==
'''Prinzipien der Therapie'''


===='''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Prinzipien der Therapie</span>'''====
- Therapiebeginn so früh wie möglich
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Merke:</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}"> Schnell. So früh wie möglich. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-spacerun:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;}">                                                                                   </span></span>


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Therapiebeginn nach Blutkultur, ggf. Atemwegssekret zur mikrobiol. Untersuchung - dadurch jedoch keine Therapieverzögerung</span>
- Septischer Schock: innerhalb einer Stunde (“golden hour of sepsis”)


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Sepsis: </span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Beginn der Antibiotikatherapie innerhalb einer Stunde (</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">“''golden hour'' of ''sepsis''”)</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">!</span>
- Beginn direkt nach sofortiger Blutkultur und ggf. Atemwegssekret zur mikrobiologischen Untersuchung


====='''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Wichtige Therapieprinzipien:</span>'''=====
- Keine Verzögerung durch Untersuchungen


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Kalkulierte Therapie anhand zu erwartender Erreger</span>
- Kalkulierte Therapie anhand vom Vorliegen einer Sepsis sowie dem Risiko für MRE und P. aeruginosa (MRE-RF)
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Lokales Erregerspektrum und Resistenzprofil berücksichtigen</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Candida spp. in Atemwegsmaterial: In der Regel keine antimykotische Therapie</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Applikation: Falls Sepsis, dann prolongierte Gabe von Betalaktam-AB nach Startdosis erwägen (Perfusor)</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Keine antibiotische Therapie einer VAT (≠ VAP)</span>


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Keine inhalative Therapie der VAP. Ausnahme: Als Ergänzung der Therapie gegen gram-negative Erreger, die nur auf Colistin und/oder Aminoglykoside empfindlich sind, prüfen:</span>


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Therapiedauer 7 bis 8 Tage, ''S. aureus''-Bakteriämie 14 TageUnklare Emfehlungen zur Procalcitonin (PCT)-Steuerung:</span>
'''Therapierelevante Risikofaktoren für MRE und P. aeruginosa:'''
**<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Nicht verwenden, allein klin. Kriterien reichen (ATS 2016)</span>
**<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Nicht, wenn erwartete AMT < 7 - 8 Tage), nur in ausgewählten Fällen (z. B. Colistin-Therapie, MRE) (ERS u. a. 2017)</span>


===='''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Empirische Therapie</span>'''====
- Antimikrobielle Therapie (> 24 h)  in den letzten 30 Tagen
<br />
 
{| class="wikitable sortable bs-exportable MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;&quot;}"
- Kolonisation mit MRE oder MRSA
 
- Medizinische Versorgung in Süd- und Osteuropa, Afrika, Naher Osten, Asien
 
- Septischer Schock, Sepsis-assoziierte Organdysfunktion
 
- ARDS
 
- Hämodialyse
 
- Risikofaktor für P. aeruginosa: Strukturelle Lungenerkrankung, Kolonisation
 
==== '''Kalkulierte antibakterielle Therapie''' ====
{| class="wikitable" style=""
|+
|+
! colspan="7" style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:478.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="638" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:478.55pt;&quot;}" |'''HAP ohne MRE-Risiko  (s. u.)'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
'''Häufige  Erreger: Enterobakterien, H. influenzae, S. aureus (MSSA), S. pneumoniae'''
| colspan="2" |Risiko für MRE / P. aeruginosa
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:1&quot;}"
|-
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
|nein
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |'''''Präferenz'''''
|ja
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |'''''Substanz'''''
|-
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |'''''Dosierung'''''
| rowspan="2" |Sept. Schock
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |'''''Dauer'''''
|nein
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |'''''Anpassungen'''''
|Ampicillin/Sulbactam
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |'''''Kommentar'''''
3 - 4 x 3 g i.v.
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:2" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:2&quot;}"
 
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |Therapie der Wahl
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Ampicillin/Sulbactam
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |3-4x 3 g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |Leichter Verlauf: Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure  p.o.
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:3" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:3&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Ceftriaxon
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |1x 2 g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:4" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:4&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |2. Wahl
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Levofloxacin
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |1-2x 500 mg i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:5" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:5&quot;}"
! colspan="7" style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:478.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="638" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:478.55pt;&quot;}" |'''HAP mit MRE-Risiko (s. u.)'''
'''Häufige Erreger: Zusätzlich Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter  baumanii, Stenotrophomonas  maltophilia, MRSA, ESBL-Bildner'''
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:6" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:6&quot;}"
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |'''''Präferenz'''''
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |'''''Substanz'''''
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |'''''Dosierung'''''
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |'''''Dauer'''''
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |'''''Anpassungen'''''
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |'''''Kommentar'''''
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:7" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:7&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |Therapie der Wahl
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Piperacillin/Tazobactam
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |3-4 x 4,5  g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |7 d
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
|- style="height:12.65ptpx;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;height:12.65ptpx;&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Ceftazidim <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">*)</span>oder  Cefepim
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |3x 2 g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:9" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:9&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |2. Wahl
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |Imipenem
Meropenem
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |3-4 x 1 g i.v.
3 x 1-2 g
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:10" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:10&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |ggf. plus Levofloxacin **)
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |2x 500 mg
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:11" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:11&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |oder ggf. plus Gentamicin nach KG
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |1 x 3-7 mg/kg
KG


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Tal-spiegel <1 μg/ml</span>
3 x 2,2 g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |De-Eskalation s. u.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;&quot;}" |Mono-/Kombi-Therapie s. u.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>)Ceftazidim  nur in Kombi mit Pneumokokken-wirksamer Substanz


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">**) Kombinations-therapie bei lebensbedrohlicher  Infektion (Sepsis-assoziierte Organdysfunktion oder invasive Beatmung)</span>
oder
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes&quot;}"
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;" width="40" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:30.05pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;" width="80" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:60.0pt;&quot;}" |Falls V. a. MRSA
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;" width="150" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:112.3pt;&quot;}" |plus Vancomycin
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;" width="85" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:63.55pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">2 x 15  mg/kg KG</span>
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;" width="56" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:42.1pt;&quot;}" |
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;" width="109" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:81.45pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Bei  Sepsis initial: 25-30 mg/kgKG</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">als Dauer-infusion</span>
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;" width="119" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:89.1pt;&quot;}" |Spiegel-Messungen(!)
nach der  3. Dosis:


Talspiegel  <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">15–20 mg/l (bei kontinuierlicher Gabe bis 20 mg/l)</span>
Ceftriaxon 1 x 2 g i.v.


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">cave Nephrotoxizität</span>
Cefotaxim 3 - 4 x 2 g i.v.
|}<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Kombinationstherapie:<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-spacerun:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;}">  </span></span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Sepsis oder invasive Beatmungspflichtigkeit</span>


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Monotherapie:</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Nur wenn Sepsis-Organdysfunktion ausgeschlossen ist und keine Beatmung erfolgt</span>
oder


'''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Deeskalation:</span>''' <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Nach 48-72 h Möglichkeit der Deeskalation auf Monotherapie (Betalaktam, FQ 2. Wahl) prüfen (klinische Besserung, kein mikrobiologischer Nachweis), gezielte Monotherapie, falls mikrobiologischer Nachweis. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-spacerun:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;}">                               </span></span>
Moxifloxacin


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Initiale kalkulierte Therapie gegen MRSA beenden, falls MRSA nicht nachgewiesen wurde, bzw. bei positivem MSSA Nachweis entsprechend umstellen. </span>
1 x 0,4 g i.v. oder p.o.


Levofloxacin


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Therapierelevante Risikofaktoren für MRE bei nosokomialer Pneumonie:</span>
2 x 0,5 g i.v. oder p.o.
|Piperacillin/Tazob. 4 x 4,5 g i.v.
oder


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Antimikrobielle Therapie in den letzten 90 Tagen</span>
Cefepim 2 – 3 x 2 g i.v.
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Hospitalisierung ⋝ 5 Tage</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Kolonisierung durch MRGN oder MRSA</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Medizinische Versorgung in Süd- und Osteuropa, Afrika, Naher Osten, Asien</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">Septischer Schock, sepsisassoziierte Organdysfunktion</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:\nSymbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}"> </span></span></span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Invasive Beatmung mehr als 4-6 Tage</span>


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Intensivstation-Aufenthalt</span>
oder
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Malnutrition</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Strukturelle Lungenerkrankung</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Bek. Kolonisation durch MRE</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Aufnahme aus Langzeitpflege</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Chronische Dialyse</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Tracheostoma</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:\n12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">träger</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Offene Hautwunden</span>


<br />
Meropenem 3 x 1 - 2 g i.v.
===='''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Therapie besonderer Keime </span>'''====
|-
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Immer Resistogramm berücksichtigen.</span>
|ja
<br />
|Meropenem 3 x 1 - 2 g i.v.
{| class="wikitable sortable bs-exportable MsoTableGrid" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;width:100%;&quot;}"
|Pseudmonaswirksames Betalaktam (wie oben)
|+
plus
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">'''Keim'''</span>
 
! style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" class="col-grey-light-bg" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">'''Therapieoptionen  (nach Resistenzsituation)'''</span>
Ciprofloxacin 3 x 0,4 g i.v.
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:1" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:1&quot;}"
 
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">MRSA</span>
oder
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Vancomycin oder Linezolid als Monotherapie</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Teicoplanin  und Ceftobiprol. Ceftobiprol ist für die Be-handlung der HAP, nicht jedoch  VAP zugelassen</span>
 
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:2" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:2&quot;}"
Levofloxacin 2 x 0,5 g i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">P. aeruginosa</span>
 
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |Cefepim, Piperacillin,  Imipenem, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Multiresistenz: Kombination mit Colistin erwägen</span>
oder
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:3" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:3&quot;}"
 
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">ESBL</span>
Tobramycin 1 x 6 mg/kg i.v.
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Bei Enterobacteriaceae, die ESBL (Extendend-Spectrum-Beta-Laktamasen)  produzieren, werden Carbapeneme empfohlen; CAVE: In Ländern mit hohem  Carbapenem-Verbrauch Anstieg der Resistenz. Weitere gut wirksame Substanzen  mit HAP-/VAP-Zulassung: Ceftazidim-Avibactam</span>
 
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:4" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:4&quot;}"
oder
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">CRE</span>
 
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Colistin, möglichst in Kombination (z. B. mit  Aminoglykosid), Fosfomycin, ein Carbapenem und Ceftazidim/Avibactam</span>
Fosfomycin 3 x 4 - 5 g i.v.
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:5" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:5&quot;}"
|-
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Acinetobacter  baumannii</span>
| colspan="4" |Wenn MRSA-Verdacht, dann plus
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Imipenem oder Meropenem. Falls Resistenz, dann Colistin,  möglichst in Kombination mit einer weiteren in vitro wirksamen Substanz.</span>
|-
|- style="mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes&quot;}"
|
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;" width="198" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:148.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Stenotrophomonas  maltophilia</span>
|
| style="border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;" width="416" valign="top" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-color:#000000;border-right-color:#000000;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-color:#000000;width:311.8pt;&quot;}" |<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Klinische  Relevanz – Besiedlung vs. Infektion? Co-Trimoxazol</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Cotrimoxazol-Resistenz:  Empfindlichkeitstestung auf Ceftazidim, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin</span>
| colspan="2" |Vancomycin Initialdosis 15-20 mg/kg i.v. (bei sehr schweren Infektionen 25-30 mg/kg i.v., maximal 3 g), Erhaltungsdosis (1 h): Dosierung nach Spiegelbestimmung (TDM), Ziel-Talspiegel im Serum: Intermittierende Dosierung 15-20 mg/l, kontinuierliche Gabe 20-25 mg/l
oder
 
Linezolid 2 x 0,6 g i.v. oder p.o.
|}
|}
Das Flussdiagramm in der
Abb.  gibt einen Überblick der
empfohlenen Antibiotika.
[[Datei:DGI:nosokomiale.png|zentriert|mini|Flussdiagramm zur kalkulierten Therapie der HAP
(„hospital-acquired pneumonia“). MRE multiresistente Erreger. (Mod. nach
Rademacher et al. 2024)|682x682px]]
===== Antifungale Therapie der IPA =====
- Therapie: möglichst früh Voriconazol, Isavuconazol oder liposomales Amphotericin B empfohlen, Posaconazol als Alternative
-
- Therapiedauer mind. 2 Monate, abhängig vom Ansprechen und Immunrekonstitution
- Therapieversagen: Spezies-Identifikation anstreben
'''Praktische Hinweise zur Therapie'''
- Prolongierte Gabe von Betalaktam-AB über 3-4 h bei Sepsis empfohlen
- Ggf. therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring (TDM), z. B. bei Niereninsuffizienz, Erreger mit hoher MHK
- Dosierung (hoch vs. Standard) beachten: bestimmte Erreger und Indikationen, “I” auf dem Antibiogramm
- Antivirale Therapie gegen Influenza mit Zanamivir und Oseltamivir möglich, gegen SARS-CoV-2 laut Leitlinie (jeweils schlechte Datenlage)
- Monotherapie mit Ceftazidim nicht empfohlen
- Kombinationstherapie nur nur bei MRE-RF und septischem Schock
- Keine regelhafte “double GN coverage ”
- Ergänzende inhalative Therapie nur als Ausnahme: Im Fall bestimmter MRE Colistin oder Aminoglykosiden erwägen (Dosier-/Anwendungsempfehlungen als Anhang der S3-Leitlinie verfügbar)
'''Reevaluation'''
Da die Diagnose der nosokomialen Pneumonie nur mit eingeschränkter Sensitivität und Spezifität gestellt werden kann, kommt der Reevaluation eine besondere Bedeutung zu
- Re-Evaluation nach 2-3 Tagen: Diagnose, Labor, Mikrobiologie, Bildgebung, klinisches Ansprechen,


===='''<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Umgang mit Therapieversagen</span>'''====
- Bei klinischer Stabilisierung, dann De-Eskalation der Therapie, auch ohne Erregernachweis, in der Regel auf Monotherapie. Bei Erregernachweis, dann Therapiefokussierung
<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">1. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span></span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Diagnose „HAP“ korrekt? Überprüfen:</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Resistente bakterielle Erreger</span>


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Nicht-bakterielle Erreger</span>
Therapiedauer
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Resistenzentwicklung unter Therapie</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Unterdosierung der antimikrobiellen Therapie</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Superinfektion mit „neuem“ Erreger</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}"> </span></span></span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Einschmelzende/organüberschreitende Infektion oder Komplikation (z. B. Lungenabszess, Pleuraempyem)</span>


<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}"><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="mso-list:Ignore" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;}">2. <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font:7.0pt \&quot;Times New Roman\&quot;&quot;}">  </span></span></span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Liegt eine andere Diagnose vor?</span>
- Therapiedauer regelhaft 7-8 Tage, im Einzelfall länger (z. B. Empyem, Abszess, S. aureus-Bakteriämie, ARDS, septischer Schock)


*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Andere Lungenerkrankung (z. B. interstitielle Lungenerkrankung, Atelektase, Karzinom)</span>
- Therapieverkürzung per PCT möglich, bei Dauer < 7-8 Tage nicht relevant
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Lungenödem/Herzinsuffizienz</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Lungenembolie/Lungeninfarkt</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Alveoläre Hämorrhagie</span>
*<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="color: black" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;color: black&quot;}">Aspirati</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;font-size:\n12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;}">on</span>

Latest revision as of 22:35, 1 December 2025

Prinzipien der Therapie

- Therapiebeginn so früh wie möglich

- Septischer Schock: innerhalb einer Stunde (“golden hour of sepsis”)

- Beginn direkt nach sofortiger Blutkultur und ggf. Atemwegssekret zur mikrobiologischen Untersuchung

- Keine Verzögerung durch Untersuchungen

- Kalkulierte Therapie anhand vom Vorliegen einer Sepsis sowie dem Risiko für MRE und P. aeruginosa (MRE-RF)


Therapierelevante Risikofaktoren für MRE und P. aeruginosa:

- Antimikrobielle Therapie (> 24 h)  in den letzten 30 Tagen

- Kolonisation mit MRE oder MRSA

- Medizinische Versorgung in Süd- und Osteuropa, Afrika, Naher Osten, Asien

- Septischer Schock, Sepsis-assoziierte Organdysfunktion

- ARDS

- Hämodialyse

- Risikofaktor für P. aeruginosa: Strukturelle Lungenerkrankung, Kolonisation

Kalkulierte antibakterielle Therapie

Risiko für MRE / P. aeruginosa
nein ja
Sept. Schock nein Ampicillin/Sulbactam

3 - 4 x 3 g i.v.

Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure

3 x 2,2 g i.v.

oder

Ceftriaxon 1 x 2 g i.v.

Cefotaxim 3 - 4 x 2 g i.v.

oder

Moxifloxacin

1 x 0,4 g i.v. oder p.o.

Levofloxacin

2 x 0,5 g i.v. oder p.o.

Piperacillin/Tazob. 4 x 4,5 g i.v.

oder

Cefepim 2 – 3 x 2 g i.v.

oder

Meropenem 3 x 1 - 2 g i.v.

ja Meropenem 3 x 1 - 2 g i.v. Pseudmonaswirksames Betalaktam (wie oben)

plus

Ciprofloxacin 3 x 0,4 g i.v.

oder

Levofloxacin 2 x 0,5 g i.v.

oder

Tobramycin 1 x 6 mg/kg i.v.

oder

Fosfomycin 3 x 4 - 5 g i.v.

Wenn MRSA-Verdacht, dann plus
Vancomycin Initialdosis 15-20 mg/kg i.v. (bei sehr schweren Infektionen 25-30 mg/kg i.v., maximal 3 g), Erhaltungsdosis (1 h): Dosierung nach Spiegelbestimmung (TDM), Ziel-Talspiegel im Serum: Intermittierende Dosierung 15-20 mg/l, kontinuierliche Gabe 20-25 mg/l

oder

Linezolid 2 x 0,6 g i.v. oder p.o.

Das Flussdiagramm in der Abb. gibt einen Überblick der empfohlenen Antibiotika.

Flussdiagramm zur kalkulierten Therapie der HAP („hospital-acquired pneumonia“). MRE multiresistente Erreger. (Mod. nach Rademacher et al. 2024)

Antifungale Therapie der IPA

- Therapie: möglichst früh Voriconazol, Isavuconazol oder liposomales Amphotericin B empfohlen, Posaconazol als Alternative

-

- Therapiedauer mind. 2 Monate, abhängig vom Ansprechen und Immunrekonstitution

- Therapieversagen: Spezies-Identifikation anstreben

Praktische Hinweise zur Therapie

- Prolongierte Gabe von Betalaktam-AB über 3-4 h bei Sepsis empfohlen

- Ggf. therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring (TDM), z. B. bei Niereninsuffizienz, Erreger mit hoher MHK

- Dosierung (hoch vs. Standard) beachten: bestimmte Erreger und Indikationen, “I” auf dem Antibiogramm

- Antivirale Therapie gegen Influenza mit Zanamivir und Oseltamivir möglich, gegen SARS-CoV-2 laut Leitlinie (jeweils schlechte Datenlage)

- Monotherapie mit Ceftazidim nicht empfohlen

- Kombinationstherapie nur nur bei MRE-RF und septischem Schock

- Keine regelhafte “double GN coverage ”

- Ergänzende inhalative Therapie nur als Ausnahme: Im Fall bestimmter MRE Colistin oder Aminoglykosiden erwägen (Dosier-/Anwendungsempfehlungen als Anhang der S3-Leitlinie verfügbar)

Reevaluation

Da die Diagnose der nosokomialen Pneumonie nur mit eingeschränkter Sensitivität und Spezifität gestellt werden kann, kommt der Reevaluation eine besondere Bedeutung zu

- Re-Evaluation nach 2-3 Tagen: Diagnose, Labor, Mikrobiologie, Bildgebung, klinisches Ansprechen,

- Bei klinischer Stabilisierung, dann De-Eskalation der Therapie, auch ohne Erregernachweis, in der Regel auf Monotherapie. Bei Erregernachweis, dann Therapiefokussierung

Therapiedauer

- Therapiedauer regelhaft 7-8 Tage, im Einzelfall länger (z. B. Empyem, Abszess, S. aureus-Bakteriämie, ARDS, septischer Schock)

- Therapieverkürzung per PCT möglich, bei Dauer < 7-8 Tage nicht relevant