DGI:Perioperative Prophylaxe/Prophylaxe und Prävention: Difference between revisions

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== Prophylaxe/Prävention ==
==Prophylaxe/Prävention==
'''<span style="color: #333333">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span>'''
'''<span style="color: #333333">Grundlage:</span>'''
 
* <span style="color: #333333">2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective Endocarditis</span>
* <span style="color: #333333">ask</span> <span style="color: #333333"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">force</span> for the Management <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">of</span> Infective Endocarditis <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">of</span> the European <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Society</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Cardiology</span></span>
 
'''Wer:'''
 
* wird nur für Hochrisikopatienten empfohlen
* Hochrisikopatienten sind <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Patienten</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mit</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> höchsten <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Inzidenz</span> einer infektiösen <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt">und/oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mit</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">dem</span> höchsten <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Risiko</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt">für</span> einen schlechten <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">Verlauf</span> einer infektiösen <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis.</span> Dazu <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">gehören:</span>
* Patienten mit Klappenprothesen, einschließlich Transkatheterklappen, oder mit rekonstruierten Klappen unter Verwendung prothetischen Materials
* Patienten <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mit</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">überstandener</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt">Endokarditis</span>
* Patienten mit angeborenen Herzfehlern:
 
# jegliche zyanotischen Herzfehler
# bis zu 6 Monate nach operativer oder interventioneller Vitienkorrektur unter Verwendung von prothetischem Material oder lebenslang bei residuellem Shunt oder Klappeninsuffizienz
 
* Keine Endokarditis-Prophylaxe <span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">für</span> alle <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">anderen</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt">Formen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Klappen-</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt">und</span> Herzerkrankungen
 
'''Wann''' (bei welchen Eingriffen sollten Hochrisikopatienten eine Endokarditis-Prophylaxe erhalten):
 
* Zahnärztliche Eingriffe
 
o    Endokarditis-Prophylaxe <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">empfohlen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">bei</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Eingriffen</span> / <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Manipulationen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">an</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Gingiva,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">der</span> periapikalen <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Zahnregion</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Perforation</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oralen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Mukosa</span>
 
o    KEINE <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">bei</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Applikation</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">von</span> Lokalanästhesie <span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">in</span> reizlosem <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Gewebe,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">Faden-</span> entfernung, <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Röntgen,</span> Einsatz <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">Entfernung</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">von</span> Zahnprothesen <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt">Klammern,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Lippentrauma</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Verletzung</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">der</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oralen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Mukosa</span>
 
o    KEINE <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span> nach <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Milchzahnwechsel</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">Verletzung</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Lippen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt">und</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">oralen</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Mukosa</span>
 
* Eingriffe am Respirationstrakt
 
'''Cave:''' KEINE <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">bei</span> Eingriffen am Respirationstrakt, einschließlich <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Laryngoskopie,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Bronchoskopie</span> transnasale-,
 
* <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">endotracheale</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Intubation (oral oder nasal)</span>
* Gastrointestinale oder Urogenitale Eingriffe an infizierten Herden
 
o   intraabdominaler Abszess
 
o   Ileus
 
o   Darmperforation
 
o   Magenperforation
 
o   Cholecystitis/ Gallenblasenempyem
 
o   Fourniersche Gangrän
 
o   infizierte Harnstauungsniere
 
'''Cave:''' KEINE <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">bei</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">:</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Gastroskopie,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Coloskopie,</span> transösophageales <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Echo,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Cystoskopie</span>
 
* Eingriffe an Weichteilgewebe und Haut
 
o   KEINE <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Endokarditis-Prophylaxe</span>
 
'''PAP und Endokarditis-Prophylaxe'''
 
Liegt eine Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe vor, <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">werden</span> - anstelle <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">der</span> oben <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">empfohlenen</span> Antibiotika – <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">bevorzugt</span> Substanzen <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mit</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Enterokokken-Wirksamkeit</span> eingesetzt:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Antibiotika zur PAP'''
!Empfohlene (Ersatz-) Substanz bei Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe<br />
|-
|Ohne <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">P</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">AP-Indikation</span><br />
|Ampicillin 2g <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span><br />
|-
|Cefazolin / <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">C</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">efuroxim</span><br />
|<span style="color: #222222">Ampicillin-</span><span style="color: #222222">Sulbac</span><span style="color: #222222">t</span><span style="color: #222222">am</span> <span style="color: #222222">3g <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span></span><br />
|-
|Cefazolin / <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">C</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">ef</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ur</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">o</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">xi</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">m</span> + <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Me</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">tr</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">o</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">nid</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">az</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ol</span><br />
|<span style="color: #222222">Ampicillin-</span><span style="color: #222222">Sulbac</span><span style="color: #222222">t</span><span style="color: #222222">am</span> <span style="color: #222222">3g <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span></span><br />
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''ß-Laktam-Allergie'''
!Empfohlene (Ersatz-) Substanz bei Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe<br />
|-
|Ohne <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">P</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">AP</span><br />
|<span style="color: #222222">Cli</span><span style="color: #222222">ndam</span><span style="color: #222222">y</span><span style="color: #222222">cin</span> <span style="color: #222222">600m</span><span style="color: #222222">g</span> <span style="color: #222222">i.</span><span style="color: #222222">v</span><span style="color: #222222">./p.o.</span><br />
|-
|Cefazolin / <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">C</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">efuroxim (ohne Gastrointestinaltrakt)</span><br />
|<span style="color: #222222">Cli</span><span style="color: #222222">ndam</span><span style="color: #222222">y</span><span style="color: #222222">cin</span> <span style="color: #222222">600m</span><span style="color: #222222">g</span> <span style="color: #222222">i.</span><span style="color: #222222">v</span><span style="color: #222222">./p.o.</span><br />
|-
|Cefazolin / <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">C</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">ef</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ur</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">o</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">xi</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">m</span> +/- <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Me</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">tr</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">o</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">nid</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">az</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ol</span><br />
|Vancomycin 1g <span style="letter-spacing:
-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span> + <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">C</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ipr</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">ofloxacin</span> 400 <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">mg</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span> +/- <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Me</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">t</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">ro</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">nid</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">azol</span> 500 <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">mg</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span><br />
|}
'''Antibiotika für die perioperative Antibiotika- und Endokarditis-Prophylaxe'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Antibiotikagruppe'''
!'''Substanz'''
!'''Dosis/Applikations-art'''
!'''Zeitpunkt der Gabe'''
!'''Wiederholungsgabe<sup>3)</sup>'''
|-
|Aminopenicillin<br />
|Ampicillin<br />
|1 x 2g <span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span><br />
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span><br />
|-
|<span style="color: #222222">Aminope</span><span style="color: #222222">nicillin</span> <span style="color: #222222">+</span>
 
 
<span style="color: #222222">ß</span><span style="color: #222222">-Lakt.-Inhibitor (BLI)</span>
|<span style="color: #222222">Amo</span><span style="color: #222222">xicillin</span> <span style="color: #222222">+ <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Clav</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">ulan-Säure</span></span><br /><span style="color: #222222">Ampicillin</span> <span style="color: #222222">+ <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Sulbac</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">t</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">am</span></span>
|1 x 875/125mg p.o.<br />1 x 3g  i.v.
|120 <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">min vor Schnitt</span><sup>1)</sup><br />Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
|> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span><br />> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span>
|-
|gezielte Carbapenem-Prophylaxe<br />
|Imipenem <sup>2)</sup>
 
 
Meropenem
|1 x 1g <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">v</span>
 
 
1 x 1g i.v.
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span><br />
|-
|Cephalosporin Gruppe 1<br />
|Cefazolin<br />
|1 x 2g <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">v</span> bei KG<br />>120<span style="letter-spacing:
-.15pt">kg</span> 1 x 3g <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span>
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span><br />
|-
|Cephalosporin Gruppe 2<br />
|Cefuroxim<br />
|1 x 1,5g <span style="letter-spacing:
-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span>
 
 
>120<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">kg</span> 1 x 3g <span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">i.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">v</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span>
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 3 h <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OP-Daue</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">r</span><br />
|}
'''Sonderindikationen'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Antibiotikagruppe'''
!'''Substanz'''
!'''Dosis/Applikations-art'''
!'''Zeitpunkt der Gabe'''
!'''Wiederholungsgabe<sup>3)</sup>'''
|-
|Cephalosporin Gruppe 3a<br />
|Ceftriaxon<br />
|1 x 2g <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">i.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}">v</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 8 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Fluorchinolon Gruppe 2<br />
|Ciprofloxacin<br />
|1 x 500<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">m</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">g</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">p.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">o</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">.</span>
 
1 x 400mg i.v.
|120 min vor Schnitt<sup>1)</sup>
 
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt, Infusionsdauer 60 min
|> 8 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Fluorchinolon Gruppe 3<br />
|Levofloxacin<br />
|1 x 500<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
  -.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n  -.05pt&quot;}">m</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">g</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">p.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">o</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|120 <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">min</span> vor Schnitt<sup>1)</sup><br />
|> 12 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Glykopetid<br />
|Vancomycin <sup>3)</sup><br />
|1 x 1g <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.2pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;}">i.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}">v</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt, Infusionsdauer >60 min<sup>3)</sup><br />
|> 12 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Folat-Antagonist<br />
|Cotrimoxazol<br />
|1 x 960<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
  -.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n  -.05pt&quot;}">m</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">g</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">p.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">o</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|120 <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">min</span> vor Schnitt<sup>1)</sup><br />
|> 12 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Lincosamid<br />
|Clindamycin<br />
|1 x 600<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
  -.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n  -.05pt&quot;}">m</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">g</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">i.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}">v</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 6 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|-
|Nitroimidazol<br />
|Metronidazol<br />
|1 x 500<span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:
  -.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:\n  -.05pt&quot;}">m</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">g</span> <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">i.</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.3pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;}">v</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.25pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;}">.</span><br />
|Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt<br />
|> 8 h OP- <span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.1pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;}">D</span><span class="ve-pasteProtect" style="letter-spacing:-.05pt" data-ve-attributes="{&quot;style&quot;:&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;}">auer</span><br />
|}
<sup>1)</sup> Maximaler Serumspiegel <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">bei</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">normaler</span> enteraler <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Resorption</span>
 
<sup>2)</sup> „Imipenem 1g“ entspricht Imipenem 1g + Cilastatin 1g (= 2x 1Ampulle à 0,5g Imipenem + 0,5g Cilastatin)
 
<sup>3)</sup> Infusionsdauer > 1 h, ansonsten <span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt">Gefahr</span> von „Red-Man-Syndrom“ <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">(Hautrötung</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">u.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Schwellung</span> im <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Kopf-Hals-Bereich,</span> die <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">wie</span> eine <span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt">Allergie</span> imponieren kann)
 
<sup>4)</sup> In Abhängigkeit von <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">der</span> Halbwertszeit <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">bei</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">normaler</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Nierenfunktion</span>
 
<span style="color: #333333">Angaben Halbwertzeiten:</span> ''<span style="color: #333333">Mandell,</span> <span style="color: #333333"><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Douglas</span> and <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Bennetts:</span> <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">Principles</span> and Practise <span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">Infectious</span> Disease.</span> <small>Elsevier <span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">Inc.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">2009,</span> Fachinformationen</small>''
<br />

Revision as of 15:49, 15 June 2021

Prophylaxe/Prävention

Endokarditis-Prophylaxe Grundlage:

  • 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective Endocarditis
  • ask force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology

Wer:

  • wird nur für Hochrisikopatienten empfohlen
  • Hochrisikopatienten sind Patienten mit der höchsten Inzidenz einer infektiösen Endokarditis und/oder mit dem höchsten Risiko für einen schlechten Verlauf einer infektiösen Endokarditis. Dazu gehören:
  • Patienten mit Klappenprothesen, einschließlich Transkatheterklappen, oder mit rekonstruierten Klappen unter Verwendung prothetischen Materials
  • Patienten mit überstandener Endokarditis
  • Patienten mit angeborenen Herzfehlern:
  1. jegliche zyanotischen Herzfehler
  2. bis zu 6 Monate nach operativer oder interventioneller Vitienkorrektur unter Verwendung von prothetischem Material oder lebenslang bei residuellem Shunt oder Klappeninsuffizienz
  • Keine Endokarditis-Prophylaxe für alle anderen Formen der Klappen- und Herzerkrankungen

Wann (bei welchen Eingriffen sollten Hochrisikopatienten eine Endokarditis-Prophylaxe erhalten):

  • Zahnärztliche Eingriffe

o    Endokarditis-Prophylaxe empfohlen bei Eingriffen / Manipulationen an der Gingiva, der periapikalen Zahnregion oder Perforation der oralen Mukosa

o    KEINE Endokarditis-Prophylaxe bei Applikation von Lokalanästhesie in reizlosem Gewebe, Faden- entfernung, Röntgen, Einsatz oder Entfernung von Zahnprothesen oder Klammern, Lippentrauma oder Verletzung der oralen Mukosa

o    KEINE Endokarditis-Prophylaxe nach Milchzahnwechsel oder Verletzung der Lippen und oralen Mukosa

  • Eingriffe am Respirationstrakt

Cave: KEINE Endokarditis-Prophylaxe bei Eingriffen am Respirationstrakt, einschließlich Laryngoskopie, Bronchoskopie transnasale-,

  • endotracheale Intubation (oral oder nasal)
  • Gastrointestinale oder Urogenitale Eingriffe an infizierten Herden

o   intraabdominaler Abszess

o   Ileus

o   Darmperforation

o   Magenperforation

o   Cholecystitis/ Gallenblasenempyem

o   Fourniersche Gangrän

o   infizierte Harnstauungsniere

Cave: KEINE Endokarditis-Prophylaxe bei: Gastroskopie, Coloskopie, transösophageales Echo, Cystoskopie

  • Eingriffe an Weichteilgewebe und Haut

o   KEINE Endokarditis-Prophylaxe

PAP und Endokarditis-Prophylaxe

Liegt eine Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe vor, werden - anstelle der oben empfohlenen Antibiotika – bevorzugt Substanzen mit Enterokokken-Wirksamkeit eingesetzt:

Antibiotika zur PAP Empfohlene (Ersatz-) Substanz bei Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe
Ohne PAP-Indikation
Ampicillin 2g i.v.
Cefazolin / Cefuroxim
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3g i.v.
Cefazolin / Cefuroxim + Metronidazol
Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3g i.v.
ß-Laktam-Allergie Empfohlene (Ersatz-) Substanz bei Indikation zur Endokarditis-Prophylaxe
Ohne PAP
Clindamycin 600mg i.v./p.o.
Cefazolin / Cefuroxim (ohne Gastrointestinaltrakt)
Clindamycin 600mg i.v./p.o.
Cefazolin / Cefuroxim +/- Metronidazol
Vancomycin 1g i.v. + Ciprofloxacin 400 mg i.v. +/- Metronidazol 500 mg i.v.

Antibiotika für die perioperative Antibiotika- und Endokarditis-Prophylaxe

Antibiotikagruppe Substanz Dosis/Applikations-art Zeitpunkt der Gabe Wiederholungsgabe3)
Aminopenicillin
Ampicillin
1 x 2g i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 3 h OP-Dauer
Aminopenicillin +


ß-Lakt.-Inhibitor (BLI)

Amoxicillin + Clavulan-Säure
Ampicillin + Sulbactam
1 x 875/125mg p.o.
1 x 3g  i.v.
120 min vor Schnitt1)
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 3 h OP-Dauer
> 3 h OP-Dauer
gezielte Carbapenem-Prophylaxe
Imipenem 2)


Meropenem

1 x 1g i.v


1 x 1g i.v.

Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 3 h OP-Dauer
Cephalosporin Gruppe 1
Cefazolin
1 x 2g i.v bei KG
>120kg 1 x 3g i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 3 h OP-Dauer
Cephalosporin Gruppe 2
Cefuroxim
1 x 1,5g i.v.


>120kg 1 x 3g i.v.

Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 3 h OP-Dauer

Sonderindikationen

Antibiotikagruppe Substanz Dosis/Applikations-art Zeitpunkt der Gabe Wiederholungsgabe3)
Cephalosporin Gruppe 3a
Ceftriaxon
1 x 2g i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 8 h OP- Dauer
Fluorchinolon Gruppe 2
Ciprofloxacin
1 x 500mg p.o.

1 x 400mg i.v.

120 min vor Schnitt1)

Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt, Infusionsdauer 60 min

> 8 h OP- Dauer
Fluorchinolon Gruppe 3
Levofloxacin
1 x 500mg p.o.
120 min vor Schnitt1)
> 12 h OP- Dauer
Glykopetid
Vancomycin 3)
1 x 1g i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt, Infusionsdauer >60 min3)
> 12 h OP- Dauer
Folat-Antagonist
Cotrimoxazol
1 x 960mg p.o.
120 min vor Schnitt1)
> 12 h OP- Dauer
Lincosamid
Clindamycin
1 x 600mg i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 6 h OP- Dauer
Nitroimidazol
Metronidazol
1 x 500mg i.v.
Infusionsende 30 min vor Schnitt
> 8 h OP- Dauer

1) Maximaler Serumspiegel bei normaler enteraler Resorption

2) „Imipenem 1g“ entspricht Imipenem 1g + Cilastatin 1g (= 2x 1Ampulle à 0,5g Imipenem + 0,5g Cilastatin)

3) Infusionsdauer > 1 h, ansonsten Gefahr von „Red-Man-Syndrom“ (Hautrötung u. Schwellung im Kopf-Hals-Bereich, die wie eine Allergie imponieren kann)

4) In Abhängigkeit von der Halbwertszeit bei normaler Nierenfunktion

Angaben Halbwertzeiten: Mandell, Douglas and Bennetts: Principles and Practise of Infectious Disease. Elsevier Inc. 2009, Fachinformationen